| Date | Panel | Item | Activity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2545 | PURA | Ain Roesley Phenotypes for gene: PURA were changed from Neurodevelopmental disorder with neonatal respiratory insufficiency, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties (OMIM 616158) to Neurodevelopmental disorder with neonatal respiratory insufficiency, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties (OMIM 616158) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2545 | PURA | Ain Roesley Phenotypes for gene: PURA were changed from Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 31, MIM# 616158 to Neurodevelopmental disorder with neonatal respiratory insufficiency, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties (OMIM 616158) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2205 | SCN10A |
Elena Savva gene: SCN10A was added gene: SCN10A was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SCN10A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SCN10A were set to PMID: 28078312 Phenotypes for gene: SCN10A were set to Episodic pain syndrome, familial, 2 MIM#615551; Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO#0700092), SCN10A-related Review for gene: SCN10A was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 28078312 - three families (2x biallelic missense, hom PTC). - family 1 had progressive neuromuscular disease, severe cognitive impairment, muscle weakness, upper motor neuron lesion, anhydrosis, facial dysmorphism, and recurrent seizures - family 2 had neonatal hypotonia, bradycardia, and recurrent seizures - family 3 had febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) - Additional 5 probands reported with biallelic missense and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, epilepsy databases and autism databases - Het carriers of PTC were NOT affected, but LOF is NOT a known mechanism of AD disease Red for biallelic disease - none of the missense had functional studies to support pathogenicity. More evidence needed. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2167 | EED | Zornitza Stark Marked gene: EED as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2167 | EED | Zornitza Stark Gene: eed has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2167 | EED | Zornitza Stark Classified gene: EED as Red List (low evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2167 | EED | Zornitza Stark Gene: eed has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2149 | EED |
Andrew Fennell gene: EED was added gene: EED was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EED was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: EED were set to PMID: 34533271 Phenotypes for gene: EED were set to Cohen-Gibson syndrome, MIM# 617561 Review for gene: EED was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 34533271 - single case report of child with absence epilepsy aged 5yrs and subsequent GTC seizures throughout childhood. Note, Griffiths et al (2019) reported 1 patient with seizures but later attributed this to hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2149 | POGZ |
Chris Ciotta gene: POGZ was added gene: POGZ was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: POGZ was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: POGZ were set to PMIS: 34645992; 31136090; 28490548; 26739615; 27824329 Phenotypes for gene: POGZ were set to White-Sutton syndrome MIM#616364 Review for gene: POGZ was set to GREEN Added comment: - 2/12 Individuals in this in PMID:34645992 with POGZ PTVs were reported as having a history of at least 1 seizure. This information is mentioned in the article but seems to be left out in the clinical characteristics table on page 97 so we are unsure which individuals had a history of seizures. - PMID:31136090, a de novo POGZ truncating variant (c.2711T>G; p.Leu904*) in an individual with dysmorphic features and poor tolerance to oral feeding. No family history of seizures or ID. First epileptic seizure occurred at age 2 and persisted despite clobazam. MRI at age 3 showed cortical and sub cortical atrophy and individual presented with dev delay and epileptic encephalopathy. - PMID: 28480548, 15 year old female with healthy parents, MRI revealed global cerebellar atrophy, individual presented with dev delay and no verbal capacity, was being treated for epilepsy with medication. p.Asn941fs*3 variant was identified in this individual. - PMID:26739615, 5 individuals with POGZ p.Ser278* variant, only 1/5 with complex, partial seizures. - PMID:27824329, One chinese individual with autism, POGZ variant p.Gln127* who presented with seizures. All the above variants are high impact and absent from gnomAD V4. 6 unique cases of individuals with high impact POGZ variants presenting with seizures/epilepsy. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1975 | ASPM |
John Coleman gene: ASPM was added gene: ASPM was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert Review,Literature,ClinGen Mode of inheritance for gene: ASPM was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ASPM were set to (PMID:32239881; 19770472; 18452193; 16141009) Phenotypes for gene: ASPM were set to Primary autosomal recessive Microcephaly 5 - OMIM #608716 Added comment: Known microcephaly gene (AR). Seizures reported in around 15% of cases (GENEREVIEWS). Seizures reported on OMIM. Clingen curated seizures is a feature of this gene. Primary feature microcephaly. Various seizure types focal or tonic and tonic-clonic generalized seizures have been reported. 3 of 18 patients in a neurology cohort with later onset seizures PMID 19770472, another case of a female age 5 with 2 seizures, not needing treatment PMID 18452193, and a third publication with 2 of 3 affected family members with seizure phenotype tonic clonic/ clonic PMID 16141009. Sources: Expert Review, Literature, ClinGen |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1950 | ADNP |
John Coleman gene: ADNP was added gene: ADNP was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: ADNP was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: ADNP were set to (PMID: 27054228; 24531329) Phenotypes for gene: ADNP were set to Seizures; Epilpesy; Focal Seizures; Absence seizures Review for gene: ADNP was set to GREEN Added comment: ADNP related disorders. Review paper showing 12 of 78 patient cohort with seizures of various types - focal, absence. Other features: hypotonia, developmental delay, mild-to-severe intellectual disability, facial dysmorphic features, behavioral problems, sleep disturbance, brain abnormalities, feeding issues, gastrointestinal problems, visual dysfunction, musculoskeletal anomalies, endocrine issues including short stature and hormonal deficiencies, cardiac and urinary tract anomalies & hearing loss. An older cohort showed 2 of 10 individuals with seizures. Seizures is not the predominant phenotype but a feature in some cases. Sources: Literature, Expert Review |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1890 | PGM2L1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PGM2L1 was added gene: PGM2L1 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: PGM2L1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PGM2L1 were set to 33979636 Phenotypes for gene: PGM2L1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, PGM2L1-related Review for gene: PGM2L1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 33979636: - Bi-allelic PTVs in 4 unrelated individuals. All four affected individuals had severe developmental and speech delay, dysmorphic facial features, ear anomalies, high arched palate, strabismus, hypotonia, and keratosis pilaris. Early obesity and seizures were present in three individuals. - Studies on patient fibroblasts and cell lines indicated that PGM2L1 deficiency causes a decrease, but not a disappearance, of the sugar bisphosphates needed for the formation of NDP-sugars and that there is no evidence that this leads to a glycosylation defect. Sources: Expert Review |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1865 | RPH3A |
Lucy Spencer gene: RPH3A was added gene: RPH3A was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RPH3A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: RPH3A were set to 37403762; 29441694 Phenotypes for gene: RPH3A were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO#0700092), RPH3A-related Review for gene: RPH3A was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 37403762- 6 patients with RPH3A variant. All 6 have ID, 4 have epilepsy, 2 with obesity, 1 with dysmorphic features. All 6 have missense variants, 3 shown to be de novo, the other 3 parents were not available for testing. I patient also had language and motor impairment, breathing issues and mixed hypo/hypertonia- he also had variants in CUL4B, PRKAG2, SCN4A, none of these genes cause seizures (which he had). Patch clamp studies on 2 of the missense showed they increased either the number of NMDA receptors on neuron membrane surface or increased their conductance. Study suggests that the variants interrupt the normal role of RPH3A activity at the synaptic NMDAR complex which is needed for the induction of synaptic plasticity and NMDAR-dependant behaviours Also previously 1 biallelic patient was reported, PMID: 29441694- 1 girl with learning disabilities, tremors, ataxia, hyperglycemia and muscle fatigability. Chet for 2 RPH3A missense. Functional analysis showed strong and marginal impairment of protein binding for each variant. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1675 | NAPB |
Paul De Fazio gene: NAPB was added gene: NAPB was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NAPB was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NAPB were set to 26235277; 28097321; 33189936 Phenotypes for gene: NAPB were set to Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 107 MIM#620033 Review for gene: NAPB was set to GREEN gene: NAPB was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID 26235277: homozygous nonsense variant identified in a 6 year old girl by trio WES with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy characterised by multifocal seizures and profound GDD PMID 28097321: exome sequencing in 152 consanguineous families with at least one member affected with ID. Homozygous nonsense variant identified in a patient with profound ID, seizures, feeding difficulties in infancy, muscularhypotonia, microcephaly, and impaired vision PMID 33189936: homozygous canonical splice variant identified by trio exome sequencing in two siblings with seizures, intellectual disability and global developmental delay, microcephaly (<-3SD), and muscular hypotonia. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1630 | TAF8 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: 8 individuals reported from 5 families, four of which were consanguineous. Clinical features included severe psychomotor retardation with almost absent development, feeding problems, microcephaly, growth retardation, spasticity and epilepsy. Six had the c.781-1G > A variant in homozygous state. This is likely to be a founder variant. One family with different compound heterozygous variants. Sources: Literature; to: 8 individuals reported from 5 families, four of which were consanguineous. Clinical features included severe psychomotor retardation with almost absent development, feeding problems, microcephaly, growth retardation, spasticity and epilepsy. Six had the c.781-1G > A variant in homozygous state. Unclear if this is a founder variant, families were of different ethnicities. One family with different compound heterozygous variants. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1629 | TAF8 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TAF8 was added gene: TAF8 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature founder tags were added to gene: TAF8. Mode of inheritance for gene: TAF8 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TAF8 were set to 29648665; 35759269 Phenotypes for gene: TAF8 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, TAF8-related Review for gene: TAF8 was set to GREEN Added comment: 8 individuals reported from 5 families, four of which were consanguineous. Clinical features included severe psychomotor retardation with almost absent development, feeding problems, microcephaly, growth retardation, spasticity and epilepsy. Six had the c.781-1G > A variant in homozygous state. This is likely to be a founder variant. One family with different compound heterozygous variants. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1557 | NOVA2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NOVA2 were changed from intellectual disability (ID), motor and speech delay; autistic features; hypotonia; feeding difficulties; spasticity; ataxia; epilepsy to Neurodevelopmental disorder with or without autistic features and/or structural brain abnormalities, MIM# 618859 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1546 | NOVA2 |
Shekeeb Mohammad gene: NOVA2 was added gene: NOVA2 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NOVA2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: NOVA2 were set to 32197073 Phenotypes for gene: NOVA2 were set to intellectual disability (ID), motor and speech delay; autistic features; hypotonia; feeding difficulties; spasticity; ataxia; epilepsy Penetrance for gene: NOVA2 were set to unknown Review for gene: NOVA2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1466 | NACC1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NACC1 were changed from to Neurodevelopmental disorder with epilepsy, cataracts, feeding difficulties, and delayed brain myelination - MIM#617393 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1463 | NACC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NACC1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28132692; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with epilepsy, cataracts, feeding difficulties, and delayed brain myelination - MIM#617393; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1386 | EFHC1 | Bryony Thompson Added comment: Comment on list classification: ClinGen Epilepsy GCEP gene-disease association curation: Disputed - We have disregarded the very limited functional evidence in light of the complete lack of genetic evidence connecting EFHC1 and epilepsy. In summary, there is convincing evidence disputing the association between EFHC1 and epilepsy. All variants in EFHC1 associated with epilepsy have contradictory evidence for disease association (too common in ExAC/gnomAD, with minor allele frequencies (MAF) of 2.857e-5 to 0.05973). More evidence is needed to either support or refute the role EFHC1 plays in this disease. Classification - 07/27/2018, reviewed Sept 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1281 | COLGALT1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: COLGALT1 was added gene: COLGALT1 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: COLGALT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: COLGALT1 were set to 30412317; 33709034; 31759980 Phenotypes for gene: COLGALT1 were set to Brain small vessel disease 3 MIM#618360 Review for gene: COLGALT1 was set to AMBER Added comment: 3 unrelated families with biallelic variants, and supporting functional assays. The main features of the cases were porencephalic cysts, leukoencephalopathy, lacunar infarcts, cerebral microbleeds/haemorrhages and calcifications. A null mouse model was embryonic lethal, but had defects in the vascular networks of the embryos. Refractory seizures part of the presenting phenotype in one family. Sources: Expert Review |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1276 | PNPT1 |
Ain Roesley gene: PNPT1 was added gene: PNPT1 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PNPT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PNPT1 were set to 33158637; 31752325 Penetrance for gene: PNPT1 were set to unknown Review for gene: PNPT1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID:33158637 1x homozygous (c.1399C > T, p.Pro467Ser) in an individual who presented with a phenotype similar to Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome. She presented with feeding difficulties and vomiting, muscle weakness, and hyperexcitability, accompanied by a sterile febrile episode. Later developed refractory focal impaired awareness and pharmaco-refractory generalized seizures. PMID: 31752325 7 presented with seizures (out of 21 for whom clinical info was available) Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1265 | CLCN2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CLCN2 was added gene: CLCN2 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: CLCN2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CLCN2 were set to 23707145; 19191339; 20037607; 19710712 Phenotypes for gene: CLCN2 were set to {Epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic, susceptibility to, 8}, 607628; {Epilepsy, juvenile absence, susceptibility to, 2}, 607628; {Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 11}, 607628 Review for gene: CLCN2 was set to RED Added comment: Conflicting evidence regarding association with epilepsy syndromes, including one retracted paper. In 3 of 46 unrelated families with IGE localized to 3q26, Haug et al. (2003) identified 3 mutations in the CLCN2 gene. In a re-evaluation of 2 of the families reported by Haug et al. (2003), Kleefuss-Lie et al. (2009) found discrepancies in the family structure, phenotype, and genetic analysis. On this basis, all but one of the original authors retracted the paper. Stogmann et al. (2006) did not identify pathogenic mutations in the CLCN2 gene in 61 patients with IGE or 35 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, suggesting that CLCN2 gene mutations are not a common cause of these disorders. By sequencing of a large collection of human DNA followed by electrophysiologic analysis, Blanz et al. (2007) concluded that several CLCN2 sequence abnormalities previously found in patients with epilepsy most likely represented benign polymorphisms. Saint-Martin et al. (2009) identified 2 different heterozygous variants in the CLCN2 gene in affected members of 2 unrelated families with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (EJM8) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (EIG11), respectively. In both families, the unaffected father also had the variant, suggesting either reduced penetrance or additional unidentified factors necessary for full phenotypic expression. Niemeyer et al. (2010) disagreed with the conclusion by Kleefuss-Lie et al. (2009) that some of the work by Haug et al. (2003) had merit. Based on lack of functional consequences of the variants reported by Haug et al. (2003), Niemeyer et al. (2010) asserted that there is no evidence for a role of CLCN2 variants in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Sources: Expert Review |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1255 | CCM2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CCM2 was added gene: CCM2 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: CCM2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CCM2 were set to 32702807 Phenotypes for gene: CCM2 were set to Cerebral cavernous malformations-2, MIM#603284 Review for gene: CCM2 was set to RED Added comment: Rare reports of presentation with seizures following bleeding. Sources: Expert Review |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1245 | WDR26 |
Danielle Ariti gene: WDR26 was added gene: WDR26 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: WDR26 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: WDR26 were set to 28686853; 33675273 Phenotypes for gene: WDR26 were set to Skraban-Deardorff syndrome MIM# 617616 Review for gene: WDR26 was set to GREEN Added comment: 20 individuals have been reported (only 17 with a clinical description available). All mono-allelic variants reported were de novo; most variants were LoF (frameshift, nonsense, splice site, deletion) but some were missense. Skraban-Deardorff syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by a broad range of clinical signs, including ID/DD, febrile and/or non-febrile seizures, abnormal facial features, feeding difficulties, and minor skeletal anomalies (Spastic gait). PMID: 28686853- Reported 15 individuals with pathogenic de novo WDR26 variants. 15/15 patients presented with both ID and seizures. Sources: Expert list |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1187 | CACNA1I |
Kristin Rigbye gene: CACNA1I was added gene: CACNA1I was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CACNA1I was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CACNA1I were set to 33704440 Phenotypes for gene: CACNA1I were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder Mode of pathogenicity for gene: CACNA1I was set to Other Review for gene: CACNA1I was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 different missense variants identified and shown to result in a gain of function. 2 individuals with de novo variants (a 3rd also suspected de novo but their father was unavailable for testing) - these patients all had severe neurodevelopmental disorders, involving severe global developmental delay, absence of speech, gross motor delay, muscular hypotonia, early-onset seizures, cortical visual impairment, and feeding difficulties. Variable clinical features include various brain malformations, startle response or seizures, postnatal growth retardation, gastroesophageal reflux, and gastrostomy. 1 family had three affected individuals - variable cognitive impairment in all, involving borderline intellectual functioning or mild or moderate intellectual disability as main clinical feature, with late-onset seizures in the mother and speech retardation in one of the children. This variant had a milder functional effect than the variants in sporadic cases. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1162 | JAKMIP1 |
Seb Lunke gene: JAKMIP1 was added gene: JAKMIP1 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: JAKMIP1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: JAKMIP1 were set to 29158550; 26627310; 27799067 Phenotypes for gene: JAKMIP1 were set to Intellectual disability; Seizures Review for gene: JAKMIP1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Identified in two independent patients in the literature with a mouse model. Patient 1 (27799067) with developmental delay, speech delay, and cognitive impairment; self-injurious and aggressive behaviour, seizures, dysmorphic features. De-novo missense JAKMIP1 (p.D586H). Patient 2 (29158550) with feeding difficulties, hypotonia, epilepsy, severe ID, no active speech, kyphoscoliosis, constipation, autism, short stature. Splice variant c.1432-2A>G, no segregation or RNA data available. KO mouse model (27799067) displays social deficits, stereotyped activity, abnormal postnatal vocalisations, and other autistic-like behaviours. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1161 | PIDD1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PIDD1 was added gene: PIDD1 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PIDD1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PIDD1 were set to 28397838; 29302074; 33414379; 34163010 Phenotypes for gene: PIDD1 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Autism; Behavioral abnormality; Psychosis; Pachygyria; Lissencephaly; Abnormality of the corpus callosum Penetrance for gene: PIDD1 were set to Complete Review for gene: PIDD1 was set to GREEN Added comment: There is enough evidence to include this gene in the current panel with green rating. Biallelic PIDD1 pathogenic variants have been reported in 26 individuals (11 families) with DD (all), variable degrees of ID (mild to severe), behavioral (eg. aggression/self-mutilation in several, ADHD) and/or psychiatric abnormalities (ASD, psychosis in 5 belonging to 3 families), well-controlled epilepsy is some (9 subjects from 6 families) and MRI abnormalities notably abnormal gyration pattern (pachygyria with predominant anterior gradient) as well as corpus callosum anomalies (commonly thinning) in several. Dysmorphic features have been reported in almost all, although there has been no specific feature suggested. The first reports on the phenotype associated with biallelic PIDD1 mutations were made by Harripaul et al (2018 - PMID: 28397838) and Hu et al (2019 - PMID: 29302074) [both studies investigating large cohorts of individuals with ID from consanguineous families]. Sheikh et al (2021 - PMID: 33414379) provided details on the phenotype of 15 individuals from 5 families including those from the previous 2 reports and studied provided evidence on the role of PIDD1 and the effect of variants. Zaki et al (2021 - PMID: 34163010) reported 11 additional individuals from 6 consanguineous families, summarize the features of all subjects published in the literature and review the neuroradiological features of the disorder. PIDD1 encodes p53-induced death domain protein 1. The protein is part of the PIDDosome, a multiprotein complex also composed of the bipartite linker protein CRADD (also known as RAIDD) and the proform of caspase-2 and induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage. There are 5 potential PIDD1 mRNA transcript variants with NM_145886.4 corresponding to the longest. Similar to the protein encoded by CRADD, PIDD1 contains a death domain (DD - aa 774-893). Constitutive post-translational processing gives PIDD1-N, PIDD1-C the latter further processed into PIDD1-CC (by auto-cleavage). Serine residues at pos. 446 and 588 are involved in this autoprocessing generating PIDD1-C (aa 446-910) and PIDD1-CC (aa 774-893). The latter is needed for caspase-2 activation. Most (if not all) individuals belonged to consanguineous families of different origins and harbored pLoF or missense variants. Variants reported so far include : c.2587C>T; p.Gln863* / c.1909C>T ; p.Arg637* / c.2443C>T / p.Arg815Trp / c.2275-1G>A which upon trap assay was shown to lead to skipping of ex15 with direct splicing form exon14 to the terminal exon 16 (resulting to p.Arg759Glyfs*1 with exlcusion of the entire DD) / c.2584C>T; p.Arg862Trp / c.1340G>A; p.Trp447* / c.2116_2120del; p.Val706His*, c.1564_1565del; p.Gly602fs*26 Evidence so far provided includes: - Biallelic CRADD variants cause a NDD disorder and a highly similar gyration pattern. - Confirmation of splicing effect (eg. for c.2275-1G>A premature stop in position 760) or poor expression (NM_145886.3:c.2587C>T; p.Gln863*). Arg815Trp did not affect autoprocessing or protein stability. - Abnormal localization pattern, loss of interaction with CRADD and failure to activate caspase-2 (MDM2 cleavage assay) [p.Gln863* and Arg815Trp] - Available expression data from GTEx (PIDD1 having broad expression in multiple tissues, but higher in brain cerebellum) as well as BrainSpan and PsychEncode studies suggesting high coexpression of PIDD1, CRADD and CASP2 in many regions in the developing human brain. - Variants in other genes encoding proteins interacting with PIDD1 (MADD, FADD, DNAJ, etc) are associated with NDD. Pidd-1 ko mice (ex3-15 removal) lack however CNS-related phenotypes. These show decreased anxiety but no motor anomalies. This has also been the case with Cradd-/- mice displaying no significant CNS phenotypes without lamination defects. There is currently no associated phenotype in OMIM, PanelApp Australia. PIDD1 is listed in the DD panel of G2P (PIDD1-related NDD / biallelic / loss of function / probable) . SysID includes PIDD1 among the current primary ID genes. Overall the gene appears to be relevant for the epilepsy panel, panels for gyration and/or corpus callosum anomalies etc. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1152 | CLCN3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CLCN3 was added gene: CLCN3 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CLCN3 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CLCN3 were set to 34186028 Phenotypes for gene: CLCN3 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder Mode of pathogenicity for gene: CLCN3 was set to Other Review for gene: CLCN3 was set to GREEN Added comment: 11 individuals reported, 9 that carried 8 different rare heterozygous missense variants in CLCN3, and 2 siblings that were homozygous for an NMD-predicted frameshift variant likely abolishing ClC-3 function. All missense variants were confirmed to be de novo in eight individuals for whom parental data was available. The 11 individuals in the cohort share clinical features of variable severity. All 11 have GDD or ID and dysmorphic features, and a majority has mood or behavioural disorders and structural brain abnormalities: - Structural brain abnormalities on MRI (9/11) included partial or full agenesis of the corpus callosum (6/9), disorganized cerebellar folia (4/9), delayed myelination (3/9), decreased white matter volume (3/9), pons hypoplasia (3/9), and dysmorphic dentate nuclei (3/9). Six of those with brain abnormalities also presented with seizures. - Nine have abnormal vision, including strabismus in four and inability to fix or follow in the two with homozygous loss-of-function variants. - Hypotonia ranging from mild to severe was reported in 7 of the 11 individuals. - Six have mood or behavioural disorders, particularly anxiety (3/6). - Consistent dysmorphic facial features included microcephaly, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, down-slanting palpebral fissures, full cheeks, and micrognathia. The severity of disease in the two siblings with homozygous disruption of ClC-3 is consistent with the drastic phenotype seen in Clcn3 KO mice. The disease was more severe in two siblings carrying homozygous loss-of-function variants with the presence of GDD, absent speech, seizures, and salt and pepper fundal pigmentation in both individuals, with one deceased at 14 months of age. The siblings also had significant neuroanatomical findings including diffusely decreased white matter volume, thin corpora callosa, small hippocampi, and disorganized cerebellar folia. Supporting biallelic inheritance for LoF variants, disruption of mouse Clcn3 results in drastic neurodegeneration with loss of the hippocampus a few months after birth and early retinal degeneration. Clcn3−/− mice display severe neurodegeneration, whereas heterozygous Clcn3+/− mice appear normal. Patch-clamp studies were used to investigate four of the missense variants. These suggested a gain of function in two variants with increased current in HEK cells, however they also showed reduced rectification of voltage and a loss of transient current, plus decreased current amplitude, glycosylation and surface expression when expressed in oocytes, and were suspected to interfere with channel gating and a negative feedback mechanism. These effects were also shown to vary depending on pH levels. The current of the remaining two variants did not differ from WT. For heterozygous missense variants, the disruption induced may be at least partially conferred to mutant/WT homodimers and mutant/ClC-4 heterodimers. Both loss and gain of function in this gene resulted in the same phenotype. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1138 | RNF2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: RNF2 was added gene: RNF2 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RNF2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: RNF2 were set to 33864376 Phenotypes for gene: RNF2 were set to epilepsy; intellectual disability; intrauterine growth retardation Review for gene: RNF2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. PMID:33864376 (Luo et al 2021) report 2 cases of children with de novo missense variants (p.R70H and p.S82R) in RNF2 and a phenotype of intrauterine growth retardation, severe intellectual disabilities, behavioral problems, seizures, feeding difficulties and dysmorphic features. Seizures started in infancy. Both variants are absent from gnomad. Functional studies in Drosophila showed that the disease-linked variants (p.R70H and p.S82R) behave as LoF alleles. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1043 | SATB1 |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SATB1: Added comment: Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome-like (KTZSL) is characterized by global developmental delay with moderately to severely impaired intellectual development, poor or absent speech, and delayed motor skills. Although the severity of the disorder varies, many patients are nonverbal and have hypotonia with inability to sit or walk. Early-onset epilepsy is common and may be refractory to treatment, leading to epileptic encephalopathy and further interruption of developmental progress. Most patients have feeding difficulties with poor overall growth and dysmorphic facial features, as well as significant dental anomalies resembling amelogenesis imperfecta. This phenotype was reported in 28 patients (patients 13 to 40, PMID 33513338), including 9 patients from 3 families. Most variants were de novo, though some were inherited, suggestive of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Note Developmental delay with dysmorphic facies and dental anomalies, MIM# 619228 is a milder, allelic disorder.; Changed phenotypes: Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome-like, MIM# 619229 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.948 | VPS4A |
Elena Savva Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: PMID: 33186543 - 2x de novo hetorozygous missense variants in the AAA (large ATPase) domain. 1x homozygous missense in the MIT domain (milder phenotype and unaffected parents - possibly just a simple LoF mechanism for AR inheritance). Demonstrated defective CD71 trafficking in all 3 patients. PMID: 33186545 - 6x probands with de novo missense variants in the AAA domain. 5 of the variants were at amino acid position 284 (changes to Trp and Gly). Demonstrated that the variants had a dominant-negative effect on VPS4A function. "The six probands with de novo substitutions affecting Glu206 or Arg284 had a consistent phenotype characterized by severe DD, profound ID, and dystonia. Children were very delayed in establishing head control and none achieved independent walking. Other common findings were cerebellar hypoplasia (five individuals out of six, the other showing uncharacterized severe cerebral atrophy) with a variable degree of corpus callosum hypoplasia. One individual also had bilateral polymicrogyria. Epilepsy was present in three and dystonia in five subjects. Eye involvement was also a common finding, including congenital cataract, retinal dystrophy, and in one case congenital Leber amaurosis. Four individuals were diagnosed with hepatosplenomegaly and/or steatosis. Three subjects had anemia, which was characterized as dyserythropoietic in two. Severe feeding difficulties were present in four individuals, requiring assisted feeding in three. Two had sensorineural deafness. Severe growth retardation, generally for all parameters, was present in most cases. Notably, severe microcephaly (typically with Z scores < −5) was universal. Overall, the disorder seems to have a poor prognosis as two affected individuals died in childhood or early adult life." |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.947 | VPS4A |
Kristin Rigbye gene: VPS4A was added gene: VPS4A was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: VPS4A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: VPS4A were set to 33186543; 33186545 Phenotypes for gene: VPS4A were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder Review for gene: VPS4A was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 33186543 - 2x de novo hetorozygous missense variants in the AAA (large ATPase) domain. 1x homozygous missense in the MIT domain (milder phenotype and unaffected parents - possibly just a simple LoF mechanism for AR inheritance). Demonstrated defective CD71 trafficking in all 3 patients. PMID: 33186545 - 6x probands with de novo missense variants in the AAA domain. 5 of the variants were at amino acid position 284 (changes to Trp and Gly). Demonstrated that the variants had a dominant-negative effect on VPS4A function. "The six probands with de novo substitutions affecting Glu206 or Arg284 had a consistent phenotype characterized by severe DD, profound ID, and dystonia. Children were very delayed in establishing head control and none achieved independent walking. Other common findings were cerebellar hypoplasia (five individuals out of six, the other showing uncharacterized severe cerebral atrophy) with a variable degree of corpus callosum hypoplasia. One individual also had bilateral polymicrogyria. Epilepsy was present in three and dystonia in five subjects. Eye involvement was also a common finding, including congenital cataract, retinal dystrophy, and in one case congenital Leber amaurosis. Four individuals were diagnosed with hepatosplenomegaly and/or steatosis. Three subjects had anemia, which was characterized as dyserythropoietic in two. Severe feeding difficulties were present in four individuals, requiring assisted feeding in three. Two had sensorineural deafness. Severe growth retardation, generally for all parameters, was present in most cases. Notably, severe microcephaly (typically with Z scores < −5) was universal. Overall, the disorder seems to have a poor prognosis as two affected individuals died in childhood or early adult life." Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.875 | SATB2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SATB2 was added gene: SATB2 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SATB2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SATB2 were set to 32446642 Phenotypes for gene: SATB2 were set to Glass syndrome, MIM# 612313 Review for gene: SATB2 was set to GREEN Added comment: In a cohort of 101 individuals with SATB2-associated syndrome, 41 had at least one prior abnormal EEG. Thirty-eight individuals (93%) had epileptiform discharges, 28 (74%) with central localization. Sleep stages were included as part of the electroencephalographies performed in 31 individuals (76%), and epileptiform activity was recorded during sleep in all instances (100%). Definite clinical seizures were diagnosed in 17 individuals (42%) with a mean age of onset of 3.2 years (four months to six years), and focal seizures were the most common type of seizure observed (42%). Six individuals with definite clinical seizures needed polytherapy (35%). Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.860 | LMNB1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: LMNB1 was added gene: LMNB1 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: LMNB1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: LMNB1 were set to 32910914 Phenotypes for gene: LMNB1 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Short stature; Seizures; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Cortical gyral simplification; Feeding difficulties; Scoliosis Penetrance for gene: LMNB1 were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: LMNB1 was set to Other Review for gene: LMNB1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Cristofoli et al (2020 - PMID: 32910914) report 7 individuals (from 5 families) harboring mostly de novo LMNB1 variants. The common phenotype consisted of primary microcephaly (7/7 ranging from -4.4 to -10 SD), DD/ID (7/7), relative short stature in most (+0.7 to -4 SD). Additional features included brain MRI abnormalities (abnormal CC in 3, simplified gyral pattern in 3, small structurally normal brain, etc), seizures (4 individuals from 2 families), limb spasticity (1/7), cortical visual impairment (in 3), feeding difficulties (5/7), scoliosis (4/7). Non-overlapping dysmorphic features were reported in some. Variants were identified by WES or custom-designed gene panel and included 3 missense variants, 1 in-frame deletion and a splice variant. The in-frame deletion was inherited from a similarly affected parent in whom the variant occurred as a dn event. The splice SNV(NM_005573.3:c.939+1G>A) occurred in 3 sibs and was present as mosaic variant (15%) in the parent. This variant was predicted to result to extension of exon 5 by 6 amino-acids (samples were unavailable for mRNA studies). LMNB1 encodes a B-type lamin (the other being encoded by LMNB2). A- and B- type lamins are major components of the nuclear lamina. As the authors comment, LMNB1 is expressed in almost all cell types beginning at the earliest stages of development. Lamin-deficient mouse models support an essential role of B-type lamins in organogenesis, neuronal migration, patterning during brain development. Functional studies performed, demonstrated impaired formation of LMNB1 nuclear lamina in LMNB1-null HeLa cells transfected with cDNAs for 3 missense variants. Two variants (Lys33Glu/Arg42Trp) were shown to result in decreased nuclear localization with increased abundance in the cytosolic fraction. In patient derived LCLs these variants led to abnormal nuclear morphology. A missense variant in another domain (Ala152Gly - 1st coil domain) resulted also in lower abundance of lamin B1, irregular lamin A/C nuclear lamina, as well as more condensed nuclei (HeLa cells). LMNB1 duplications or missense mutations increasing LMNB1 expression are associated with a different presentation of AD leuodystrophy. A variant previously associated with leukodystrophy (Arg29Trp) was shown to behave differently (present in the nuclear extract but not in the cytosol, lamin B1 to A/C ratio in nuclear extract was not significantly altered compared to wt as was the case for Arg42Trp, Lys33Glu). Given the pLI score of 0.55 as well as the phenotype of individuals with deletions (not presenting microcephaly) the authors predict that a dominant-negative effect applies (rather than haploinsufficiency). Consider inclusion in the following panels : DD/ID (green), epilepsy (amber - 4 of 7 patients belonging to 2 families), primary microcephaly (green), callosome (amber/green - 3 individuals belonging to 3 families), mendeliome (green), etc. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.694 | UGDH |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: UGDH was added gene: UGDH was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UGDH was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UGDH were set to 32001716 Phenotypes for gene: UGDH were set to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 84 - MIM #618792 Penetrance for gene: UGDH were set to Complete Review for gene: UGDH was set to GREEN Added comment: Hengel et al (2020 - PMID: 32001716) report on 36 individuals with biallelic UGDH pathogenic variants. The phenotype corresponded overall to a developmental epileptic encephalopathy with hypotonia, feeding difficulties, severe global DD, moderate or commonly severe ID in all. Hypotonia and motor disorder (incl. spasticity, dystonia, ataxia, chorea, etc) often occurred prior to the onset of seizures. A single individual did not present seizures and 2 sibs had only seizures in the setting of fever. Affected subjects were tested by exome sequencing and UGDH variants were the only/best candidates for the phenotype following also segregation studies. Many were compound heterozygous or homozygous (~6 families were consanguineous) for missense variants and few were compound heterozygous for missense and pLoF variants. There were no individuals with biallelic pLoF variants identified. Parental/sib studies were all compatible with AR inheritance mode. UGDH encodes the enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase which converts UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, the latter being a critical component of the glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate [OMIM]. Patient fibroblast and biochemical assays suggested a LoF effect of variants leading to impairment of UGDH stability, oligomerization or enzymatic activity (decreased UGDH-catalyzed reduction of NAD+ to NADH / hyaluronic acid production which requires UDP-glucuronate). Attempts to model the disorder using an already developped zebrafish model (for a hypomorphic LoF allele) were unsuccessful as fish did not exhibit seizures spontaneously or upon induction with PTZ. Modelling of the disorder in vitro using patient-derived cerebral organoids demonstrated smaller organoids due to reduced number of proliferating neural progenitors. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.692 | SPTBN4 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: SPTBN4 was added gene: SPTBN4 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SPTBN4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SPTBN4 were set to 28540413; 28940097; 29861105; 31230720; 31857255 Phenotypes for gene: SPTBN4 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, neuropathy, and deafness MIM#617519 Penetrance for gene: SPTBN4 were set to Complete Review for gene: SPTBN4 was set to GREEN Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic SPTBN4 variants cause Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, neuropathy, and deafness (MIM #617519). There are several reports on the phenotype of relevant affected individuals with severe/profound DD/ID in at least 9 individuals : - Knierim et al (2017 - PMID: 28540413) [1 affected individual] - Anazi et al (2017 - PMID: 28940097) [1] - Wang et al (2018 - PMID: 29861105) [6] - Pehlivan et al (2019 - PMID: 31230720) [1] A recent article by Häusler et al (2019 - PMID: 31857255) describes the phenotype of 2 sibs, both presenting with motor and speech delay, although the older one had reportedly 'normal' cognitive performance allowing attendance of regular school at the age of 6 years. Features include congenital hypotonia, severe DD and ID (in most as outlined above, ID was the primary indication for testing on several occasions), poor or absent reflexes and weakness secondary to axonal motor neuropathy, feeding and respiratory difficulties, hearing and visual impairment. Seizures have been reported in at least 4 unrelated individuals (3 by Wang et al / 1 by Pehlivan et al). Variants in most cases were nonsense/frameshift although biallelic missense variants have also been reported. Sibs in the report by Häusler et al harbored a homozygous splicing variant. SPTBN4 encodes a member of the beta-spectrin protein family that is expressed in the brain, peripheral nervous system, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. βIV spectrin links ankyrinG and clustered ion channels (at axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier) to the axonal cytoskeleton. Pathogenic variants are proposed to disrupt the cytoskeletal machinery controlling proper localization of ion channels and function of axonal domains where ion channels are normally clustered in high density. Among the evidence provided : nerve biopsies from an affected individual displayed reduced nodal Na+ channels and no nodal KCNQ2 K+ channels / Loss of AnkyrinG and βIV spectrin in animal model resulted in loss of KCNQ2- and KCNQ3- subunit containing K+ channels. Apart from the ID / epilepsy panels please consider inclusion in other relevant ones. Sources: Literature |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.423 | PPP2CA |
Zornitza Stark gene: PPP2CA was added gene: PPP2CA was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PPP2CA was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: PPP2CA were set to 30595372 Phenotypes for gene: PPP2CA were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder and language delay with or without structural brain abnormalities, MIM#618354 Review for gene: PPP2CA was set to GREEN gene: PPP2CA was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 16 individuals with heterozygous pathogenic PPP2CA variants. Frequent features included feeding difficulties, hypotonia, developmental delay (16/16) with intellectual disability. Seizures are seen in 9 of 16 individuals. Sources: Expert list |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.242 | SMARCC2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SMARCC2 was added gene: SMARCC2 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SMARCC2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SMARCC2 were set to 30580808 Phenotypes for gene: SMARCC2 were set to Coffin-Siris syndrome 8; OMIM #618362 Review for gene: SMARCC2 was set to GREEN Added comment: 15 individuals with variable degrees of neurodevelopmental delay, growth retardation, prominent speech impairment, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, behavioral abnormalities, and dysmorphic features; seizures are part of the phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||