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| Microcephaly v1.264 | VPS50 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: VPS50: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 38876772; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, seizures, and neonatal cholestasis MIM#619685; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.260 | LIG4 | Santosh Varughese reviewed gene: LIG4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments; Publications: 16357942, 32534991, 32471509, 11779494, 16088910, 15333585; Phenotypes: LIG4 syndrome; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.258 | CYHR1 | Bryony Thompson reviewed gene: CYHR1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 38641995; Phenotypes: neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092, ZTRAF1-related; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.257 | FILIP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FILIP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neuromuscular disorder, congenital, with dysmorphic facies, MIM# 620775; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.255 | SASS6 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: SASS6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 38501757, 36739862; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 14, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 616402; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.251 | SV2A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SV2A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 113, MIM# 620772; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.250 | SLC4A10 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC4A10: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia and characteristic brain abnormalities, MIM# 620746; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.248 | NARS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NARS: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, impaired language, and gait abnormalities, autosomal recessive, MIM# 619091; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.246 | COPB2 |
Rylee Peters changed review comment from: This paper reports an unrelated individual with the same homozygous variant (NM_004766.3:c.760C>T, p.Arg254Cys) identified in 2xsiblings in PMID: 29036432 (the same two siblings are also described in PMID: 34450031). The proband is an 8.5yo Iranian female born to consanguineous parents. This individual has symptoms consistent with autosomal recessive microcephaly 19 (MIM#617800) including, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, seizures, spasticity, strabismus, and failure to thrive symptoms; she is unable to stand, walk, or speak.; to: PMID: 37734708 - This paper reports an unrelated individual with the same homozygous variant (NM_004766.3:c.760C>T, p.Arg254Cys) identified in 2xsiblings in PMID: 29036432 (the same two siblings are also described in PMID: 34450031). The proband is an 8.5yo Iranian female born to consanguineous parents. This individual has symptoms consistent with autosomal recessive microcephaly 19 (MIM#617800) including, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, seizures, spasticity, strabismus, and failure to thrive symptoms; she is unable to stand, walk, or speak. |
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| Microcephaly v1.246 | COPB2 | Rylee Peters reviewed gene: COPB2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 37734708, 29036432, 34450031; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 19, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 617800; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.236 | WNK3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WNK3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Prieto syndrome, MIM# 309610; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.235 | COG3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COG3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIbb, MIM# 620546; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.229 | GABRB3 |
Michelle Torres gene: GABRB3 was added gene: GABRB3 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GABRB3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: GABRB3 were set to 37647766 Phenotypes for gene: GABRB3 were set to Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 43 MIM#617113 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: GABRB3 was set to Other Review for gene: GABRB3 was set to GREEN Added comment: Voltage-clamp electrophysiology studies have shown that gain-of-function variants clustering in the transmembrane regions part of the channel pore result in a more severe phenotype, including movement disorders (dystonia and dyskinesia) and microcephaly. Gain-of-function variants clustered in the coupling loops responsible for receptor activation are not associated with movement disorder and microcephaly. LoF variants have not been associated with microcephaly and movement disorders either. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.217 | TTI1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TTI1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 36724785; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly and movement abnormalities, MIM# 620445; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.204 | HPDL |
Lucy Spencer gene: HPDL was added gene: HPDL was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HPDL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: HPDL were set to 33188300 Phenotypes for gene: HPDL were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive spasticity and brain white matter abnormalities (MIM#619026) Review for gene: HPDL was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 33188300 cohort of infantile neurodegenerative condition, all have biallelic HPDL variants. 7 of 14 individuals have microcephaly, however its noted that head circumference was not remarkable at birth but smaller head circumference/microcephaly was seen by 5 years old. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.202 | WARS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WARS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder withmicrocephaly and speech delay, with or without brain abnormalities,MIM# 620317; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.201 | CAMSAP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CAMSAP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 12, MIM# 620316; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.196 | CRIPT | Karina Sandoval reviewed gene: CRIPT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 37013901; Phenotypes: Short stature with microcephaly and distinctive facies (MIM#615789), Rothmund-Thomson syndrome MONDO:0010002; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.194 | CRIPT | Suliman Khan reviewed gene: CRIPT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 36630262; Phenotypes: short stature, microcephaly, distinctive facies; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.191 | GOLGA2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GOLGA2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 34424553; Phenotypes: Developmental delay with hypotonia, myopathy, and brain abnormalities, MIM 620240; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.178 | BUB1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BUB1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Primary microcephaly-30 (MCPH30), MIM#620183; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.176 | CLDN5 | Zornitza Stark Mode of pathogenicity for gene: CLDN5 was changed from Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments to None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.174 | CLDN5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CLDN5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Syndromic disorder, MONDO:0002254, CLDN5-related; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.172 | CLDN5 |
Suliman Khan gene: CLDN5 was added gene: CLDN5 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CLDN5 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CLDN5 were set to PMID: 36477332 Phenotypes for gene: CLDN5 were set to seizures; developmental delay; microcephaly; brain calcifications Penetrance for gene: CLDN5 were set to Complete Mode of pathogenicity for gene: CLDN5 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: CLDN5 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 36477332 identified de novo heterozygous missense variants in CLDN5 in fifteen unrelated patients who presented with a shared constellation of features including developmental delay, seizures (primarily infantile onset focal epilepsy), microcephaly and a recognizable pattern of pontine atrophy and brain calcifications. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.172 | BUB1B | Liyan Song reviewed gene: BUB1B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21190457, 15475955, 15098245; Phenotypes: Mosaic variegated aneuploidy syndrome 1, MIM: #257300, Premature chromatid separation trait, MIM: #176430; Mode of inheritance: Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.172 | CENPF | Mark Williams reviewed gene: CENPF: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 35488810, 31953238, 26820108; Phenotypes: Stromme syndrome, microcephaly, intestinal atresia, intellectual disability, developmental delay; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.170 | ARPC4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ARPC4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder, ARPC4-related MONDO#0700092; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.168 | MTSS1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MTSS1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 36067766; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.153 | DOHH | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DOHH: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cerebral atrophy, and visual impairment, MIM# 620066; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.151 | TRAPPC10 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRAPPC10: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, short stature, and speech delay, MIM# 620027; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.150 | CHKA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CHKA: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, movement abnormalities, and seizures, MIM#620023; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.147 | THUMPD1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: THUMPD1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with speech delay and variable ocular anomalies, MIM# 619989; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.138 | PPFIBP1 | Ee Ming Wong reviewed gene: PPFIBP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 35830857; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, PPFIBP1-related; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.132 | HIST1H4E | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HIST1H4E: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 3, MIM# 619950; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.129 | TAF8 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: 8 individuals reported from 5 families, four of which were consanguineous. Clinical features included severe psychomotor retardation with almost absent development, feeding problems, microcephaly, growth retardation, spasticity and epilepsy. Six had the c.781-1G > A variant in homozygous state. This is likely to be a founder variant. One family with different compound heterozygous variants. Sources: Literature; to: 8 individuals reported from 5 families, four of which were consanguineous. Clinical features included severe psychomotor retardation with almost absent development, feeding problems, microcephaly, growth retardation, spasticity and epilepsy. Six had the c.781-1G > A variant in homozygous state. Unclear if this is a founder variant, families of different ethnicities. One family with different compound heterozygous variants. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.128 | TAF8 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TAF8 was added gene: TAF8 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature founder tags were added to gene: TAF8. Mode of inheritance for gene: TAF8 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TAF8 were set to 29648665; 35759269 Phenotypes for gene: TAF8 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, TAF8-related Review for gene: TAF8 was set to GREEN Added comment: 8 individuals reported from 5 families, four of which were consanguineous. Clinical features included severe psychomotor retardation with almost absent development, feeding problems, microcephaly, growth retardation, spasticity and epilepsy. Six had the c.781-1G > A variant in homozygous state. This is likely to be a founder variant. One family with different compound heterozygous variants. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.124 | SLC38A3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC38A3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 102, MIM# 619881; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.122 | CPSF3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CPSF3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and seizures (NEDMHS), MIM#619876; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.116 | NDUFA2 |
Krithika Murali gene: NDUFA2 was added gene: NDUFA2 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFA2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NDUFA2 were set to 28857146; 32154054; 18513682 Phenotypes for gene: NDUFA2 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 13 - MIM#618235 Review for gene: NDUFA2 was set to AMBER Added comment: 4 unrelated patients reported in the published literature. 2 reported to have postnatal-onset microcephaly. PMID 28857146 - report 2 unrelated patients with cystic leukoencephalopathy. Patient 1 - born at term, unremarkable antenatal history. Presented at 8 months with encephalopathy, hepatomegaly, hyperammonemia. Exhibited developmental regression until 12 months of age and also had moderate ID, dystonia, spasticity and focal epilepsy. Initially had homozygous SLC22A5 variant associated with primary carnitine deficiency. MRI-B age 2 showed white matter + cystic changes and corpus callosum anomalies. Complex 1 deficiency suspected based on white matter anomalies. Patient-derived fibroblasts showed decrease in complex 1 enzyme activity. WES identified homozygous NDUFA2 variant with parental testing confirming carrier status. Patient 2 - compound het NDUFA2 variants. Phenotypic features include - failure to thrive, developmental regression, upper motor neuron signs, white matter abnormalities + cystic changes on MRI-Brain, severe GDD and microcephaly. PMID: 32154054 - report a patient with developmental regression and postnatal onset progressive microcephaly. Other features included UMN signs, spastic equinovarus deformity of the feet. At age 4 developed generalised seizures in context of VZV infection. Abnormal MRI-B including white matter changes, bilateral cavitating lesions and corpus callosum anomalies. Homozygous NDUFA2 variant identified. PMID: 18513682 - report a patient with an isolated complex I deficiency expressed in skin fibroblasts as well as muscle tissue. Normal antenatal course reported - D5 of life diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was diagnosed. Other phenotypic features included developmental delay, regression, MRI anomalies (cerebral atrophy, hypoplasia corpus callosum), seizures. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.113 | NAT8L | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NAT8L: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: N-acetylaspartate deficiency - MIM#614063; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.109 | HIST1H4C | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: HIST1H4C: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 35202563; Phenotypes: Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 1 MIM#619758, Neurodevelopmental disorder, HIST1H4C-related MONDO:0700092; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.109 | CPSF3 |
Belinda Chong gene: CPSF3 was added gene: CPSF3 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CPSF3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CPSF3 were set to 35121750 Phenotypes for gene: CPSF3 were set to Intellectual disability syndrome Review for gene: CPSF3 was set to GREEN gene: CPSF3 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Study of a deficit of observed homozygous carriers of missense variants, versus an expected number in a set of 153,054 chip-genotyped Icelanders, to identify potentially pathogenic genotypes Six homozygous carriers of missense variants in CPSF3 show severe intellectual disability, seizures, microcephaly, and abnormal muscle tone. - Four identified through Icelandic geneology (p.Gly468Glu), three carrier couples total of four children who had died prematurely. Tested archival samples for two of these children, and confirm a homozygous genotype. - Two of Mexican descent (p.Ile354Thr), first-degree cousins Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.106 | TSEN2 | Chirag Patel reviewed gene: TSEN2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.106 | CHKA |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CHKA was added gene: CHKA was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CHKA was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CHKA were set to 35202461 Phenotypes for gene: CHKA were set to Abnormal muscle tone; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Microcephaly; Abnormality of movement; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Short stature Penetrance for gene: CHKA were set to Complete Review for gene: CHKA was set to GREEN Added comment: Klöckner (2022 - PMID: 35202461) describe the phenotype of 6 individuals (from 5 unrelated families) harboring biallelic CHKA variants. Shared features incl. abnormal muscle tone(6/6 - hypertonia or hypotonia, 3/6 each), DD/ID (6/6,severe in 4, severe/profound in 2), epilepsy (6/6 - onset: infancy - 3y2m | epileptic spasms or GS at onset), microcephaly (6/6), movement disorders (3/6 - incl. dyskinesia, rigidity, choreoatetotic movements). 2/5 individuals exhibited MRI abnormalities, notably hypomyelination. Short stature was observed in 4/6. Eventual previous genetic testing was not discussed. Exome sequencing (quattro ES for 2 sibs, trio ES for 1 individual, singleton for 3 probands) revealed biallelic CHKA variants in all affected individuals. Sanger sequencing was performed for confirmation and segregation studies. Other variants (in suppl.) were not deemed to be causative for the neurodevelopmental phenotype. 3 different missense, 1 start-loss and 1 truncating variant were identified, namely (NM_0012772.2): - c.421C>T/p.(Arg141Trp) [3 hmz subjects from 2 consanguineous families], - c.580C>T/p.Pro194Ser [1 hmz individual born to consanguineous parents], - c.2T>C/p.(Met1?) [1 hmz individual born to related parents], - c.14dup/p.(Cys6Leufs*19) in trans with c.1021T>C/p.(Phe341Leu) in 1 individual. CHKA encodes choline kinase alpha, an enzyme catalyzing the first step of phospholipid synthesis in the Kennedy pathway. The pathway is involved in de novo synthesis of glycerophospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine being the most abundant in eukaryotic membranes. CHKA with its paralog (CHKB) phosphorylates either choline or ethanolamine to phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine respectively with conversion of ATP to ADP. As the authors comment, biallelic pathogenic variants in CHKB cause a NDD with muscular dystrophy, hypotonia, ID, microcephaly and structural mitochondrial anomalies (MIM 602541). [Prominent mitochondrial patterning was observed in a single muscle biopsy available from an individual with biallelic CHKA variants]. Other disorders of the Kennedy pathway (due to biallelic PCYT2, SELENOI, PCYT1A variants) present with overlapping features incl. variable DD/ID (no-severe), microcephaly, seizures, visual impairment etc. CHKA variants were either absent or observed once in gnomAD, affected highly conserved AAs with multiple in silico predictions in favor of a deleterious effect. In silico modeling suggests structural effects for several of the missense variants (Arg141Trp, Pro194Ser presumably affect ADP binding, Phe341 lying close to the binding site of phosphocholine). Each of the missense variants was expressed in yeast cells and W. Blot suggested expression at the expected molecular weight at comparative levels. The 3 aforementioned variants exhibited reduced catalytic activity (20%, 15%, 50% respectively). NMD is thought to underly the deleterious effect of the frameshift one (not studied). The start-loss variant is expected to result in significantly impaired expression and protein function as eventual utilization of the next possible start codon - occurring at position 123 - would remove 26% of the protein. Chka(-/-) is embryonically lethal in mice, suggesting that complete loss is not compatible with life. Reduction of choline kinase activity by 30% in heterozygous mice did not appear to result in behavioral abnormalities although this was not studied in detail (PMID cited: 18029352). Finally, screening of 1566 mouse lines identified 198 genes whose disruption yields neuroanatomical phenotypes, Chka(+/-) mice being among these (PMID cited: 31371714). There is no associated phenotype in OMIM, Gene2Phenotype or SysID. Overall this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panes with green or amber rating (>3 individuals, >3 variants, variant studies, overlapping phenotype of disorders belonging to the same pathway, etc). Consider also inclusion in the microcephaly panel (where available this seemed to be of postnatal onset). Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.95 | NAA20 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NAA20: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal recessive 73, MIM# 619717; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.95 | KIF26B |
Zornitza Stark gene: KIF26B was added gene: KIF26B was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF26B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KIF26B were set to 30151950 Phenotypes for gene: KIF26B were set to Progressive microcephaly, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and arthrogryposis Added comment: 1 report only of infant with progressive microcephaly, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and arthrogryposis secondary to the involvement of anterior horn cells and ventral (motor) nerves. Whole exome sequencing on the trio identified a de novo KIF26B missense variant (p.Gly546Ser). Functional analysis of the variant protein in cultured cells revealed a reduction in the KIF26B protein's ability to promote cell adhesion, a defect that potentially contributes to its pathogenicity. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Microcephaly v1.87 | NAA20 |
Chirag Patel gene: NAA20 was added gene: NAA20 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NAA20 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NAA20 were set to PMID: 34230638 Phenotypes for gene: NAA20 were set to Autosomal recessive developmental delay, intellectual disability, and microcephaly Review for gene: NAA20 was set to GREEN Added comment: 2 consanguineous families with 5 affected individuals with developmental delay, intellectual disability, and microcephaly (-2-4SD). Exome and genome sequencing identified 2 different homozygous variants in NAA20 gene (p.Met54Val and p.Ala80Val), and segregated with affected individuals. N-terminal acetyltransferases modify proteins by adding an acetyl moiety to the first amino acid and are vital for protein and cell function. The NatB complex acetylates 20% of the human proteome and is composed of the catalytic subunit NAA20 and the auxiliary subunit NAA25. Both NAA20-M54V and NAA20-A80V were impaired in their capacity to form a NatB complex with NAA25, and in vitro acetylation assays revealed reduced catalytic activities toward different NatB substrates. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.82 | WLS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WLS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Zaki syndrome, MIM#619648; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.81 | BCAS3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BCAS3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Hengel-Maroofian-Schols syndrome, MIM# 619641; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.74 | FOXR1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: FOXR1 was added gene: FOXR1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FOXR1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: FOXR1 were set to 34723967 Phenotypes for gene: FOXR1 were set to Postnatal microcephaly, progressive brain atrophy and global developmental delay Review for gene: FOXR1 was set to AMBER gene: FOXR1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 1 patient described with a de novo missense variant. Phenotypes include: postnatal microcephaly, progressive brain atrophy, skeletal abnormalities, brain abnormalities, ophthalmic abnormalities, neuromuscular abnormalities, and dysmorphic features. A variant in ATP1A3 was considered to have contributed to the final phenotype. In vitro functional evidence is supportive of pathogenicity (variant causes protein instability and abnormal nuclear aggregation). A mouse knockout has comparable phenotypes, and a severe survival deficit. Rated amber (1 patient, functional evidence, mouse model). Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.71 | SPATA5L1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SPATA5L1 were changed from Intellectual disability; spastic-dystonic cerebral palsy; epilepsy; hearing loss to Neurodevelopmental disorder with hearing loss and spasticity, MIM# 619616 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.70 | SPATA5L1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SPATA5L1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with hearing loss and spasticity, MIM# 619616; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.69 | ATP1A2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ATP1A2: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Fetal akinesia, respiratory insufficiency, microcephaly, polymicrogyria, and dysmorphic facies, MIM# 619602; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.64 | SPATA5L1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: SPATA5L1 was added gene: SPATA5L1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SPATA5L1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SPATA5L1 were set to 34626583 Phenotypes for gene: SPATA5L1 were set to Intellectual disability; spastic-dystonic cerebral palsy; epilepsy; hearing loss Review for gene: SPATA5L1 was set to GREEN gene: SPATA5L1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 47 individuals from 26 unrelated families from various ethnicities with biallelic variants reported. Phenotypes include ID, hearing impairment, movement disorder, abnormal MRI, hypotonia, visual impairment, epilepsy, and microcephaly. ~53% of affected individuals had microcephaly. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.61 | NSRP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NSRP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.61 | TNPO2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TNPO2 were changed from Intellectual disability, neurologic deficits and dysmorphic features to Intellectual developmental disorder with hypotonia, impaired speech, and dysmorphic facies, MIM# 619556 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.55 | EIF3F | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EIF3F: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 67, MIM# 618295; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.51 | HMGB1 | Chirag Patel Phenotypes for gene: HMGB1 were changed from 0 ALDH5A1 1 ALDH7A1 0 ALG1 0 ALG11 1 ALG12 1 ALG13 1 ALG14 1 ALG3 1 ALG6 1 ALG8 1 ALG9 1 ALKBH8 1 ALMS1 0 AMER1 0 AMPD2 0 AMT 0 ANK2 2 ANKRD11 0 ANKRD17 2 AP1B1 1 AP1G1 1 AP1S1 0 AP1S2 0 AP2M1 1 AP3B1 0 AP3B2 1 AP4B1 1 AP4E1 1 AP4M1 1 AP4S1 1 APC2 1 APOPT1 1 ARCN1 1 ARF1 1 ARFGEF2 0 ARG1 0 ARHGEF9 1 ARID1A 1 ARID1B 1 ARID2 2 ARL13B 1 ARL6 1 ARMC9 1 ARSA 0 ARSB 1 ARSE 1 ARV1 0 ARX 0 ASAH1 0 ASH1L 1 ASL 1 ASNS 1 ASPA 0 ASPM 1 ASS1 0 ASTN1 1 ASXL1 0 ASXL2 0 ASXL3 1 ATAD1 1 ATAD3A 1 ATG7 1 ATIC 1 ATM 0 ATN1 1 ATP13A2 0 ATP1A1 1 ATP1A2 1 ATP1A3 2 ATP6AP1 1 ATP6AP2 0 ATP6V0A2 0 ATP6V1A 1 ATP6V1B2 0 ATP7A 0 ATP8A2 1 ATR 0 ATRX 0 AUH 0 AUTS2 1 B3GALNT2 1 B3GLCT 0 B4GALNT1 0 B4GALT1 1 B4GALT7 1 B9D2 1 BAZ2B 1 BBS1 0 BBS10 0 BBS12 0 BBS2 0 BBS4 1 BBS5 1 BBS7 1 BBS9 1 BCAP31 0 BCAS3 1 BCKDHA 0 BCKDHB 0 BCKDK 0 BCL11A 0 BCL11B 1 BCOR 1 BCORL1 1 BCS1L 0 BICRA 3 BLM 0 BMP4 0 BOLA3 0 BPTF 1 BRAF 0 BRAT1 1 BRD4 2 BRF1 1 BRIP1 1 BRPF1 1 BRSK2 1 BRWD3 0 BSCL2 0 BSND 1 BTD 0 BUB1B 0 C12orf4 0 C12orf57 0 C12orf65 0 C2CD3 1 C2orf69 1 C5orf42 1 CA2 1 CA8 1 CACNA1A 0 CACNA1B 1 CACNA1C 0 CACNA1D 1 CACNA1E 1 CACNA1G 2 CACNA1I 1 CACNA2D2 1 CAD 1 CAMK2A 0 CAMK2B 1 CAMK4 1 CAMTA1 2 CAPN15 1 CARS 1 CARS2 1 CASK 0 CBL 0 CBS 0 CBY1 1 CC2D1A 1 CC2D2A 0 CCBE1 1 CCDC22 0 CCDC47 1 CCDC88A 1 CCDC88C 2 CCND2 0 CDC42 0 CDC42BPB 1 CDH11 2 CDH15 0 CDH2 1 CDK10 0 CDK13 1 CDK19 1 CDK5RAP2 1 CDK8 1 CDKL5 0 CDON 0 CELF2 1 CENPF 0 CENPJ 0 CEP104 1 CEP120 1 CEP135 1 CEP152 1 CEP164 1 CEP290 0 CEP41 0 CEP55 1 CEP57 1 CEP83 1 CEP85L 1 CHAMP1 0 CHD1 1 CHD2 0 CHD3 1 CHD4 1 CHD5 1 CHD7 0 CHD8 0 CHKB 0 CHMP1A 1 CIC 0 CIT 0 CKAP2L 0 CLCN3 1 CLCN4 1 CLCN6 1 CLCNKB 1 CLN3 0 CLN5 1 CLN6 0 CLN8 0 CLP1 1 CLPB 1 CLTC 1 CNKSR2 0 CNNM2 0 CNOT1 3 CNOT2 1 CNOT3 2 CNPY3 1 CNTNAP1 1 CNTNAP2 0 COASY 1 COG1 0 COG4 1 COG5 1 COG6 1 COG7 0 COG8 1 COL4A1 0 COL4A2 0 COL4A3BP 0 COLEC11 0 COPB2 2 COQ4 0 COQ8A 0 COX10 1 COX15 0 CPS1 0 CRADD 1 CRB2 0 CREBBP 1 CSDE1 1 CSNK1G1 2 CSNK2A1 0 CSNK2B 0 CSPP1 1 CSTB 0 CTBP1 1 CTCF 1 CTDP1 0 CTNNA2 1 CTNNB1 0 CTSA 0 CTSD 0 CTU2 1 CUL3 2 CUL4B 0 CUX1 1 CUX2 1 CWC27 0 CWF19L1 1 CXorf56 1 CYB5R3 0 CYC1 0 CYFIP2 1 D2HGDH 0 DAG1 0 DARS 1 DARS2 0 DBT 0 DCAF17 0 DCHS1 0 DCPS 1 DCX 0 DDB1 2 DDC 0 DDHD2 0 DDX11 1 DDX23 2 DDX3X 0 DDX59 1 DDX6 1 DEAF1 1 DEGS1 1 DENND5A 1 DEPDC5 0 DHCR24 0 DHCR7 0 DHDDS 1 DHFR 1 DHPS 1 DHTKD1 0 DHX30 1 DHX37 2 DIAPH1 0 DIS3L2 0 DKC1 0 DLD 0 DLG3 1 DLG4 2 DLL1 1 DMD 0 DMXL2 1 DNAJC12 1 DNAJC19 0 DNM1 1 DNM1L 1 DNMT3A 1 DNMT3B 0 DOCK3 1 DOCK6 1 DOCK7 1 DOCK8 0 DOLK 1 DPAGT1 1 DPF2 0 DPH1 1 DPM1 0 DPM2 1 DPYD 1 DPYS 1 DPYSL5 1 DYM 1 DYNC1H1 0 DYNC1I2 1 DYRK1A 1 EARS2 1 EBF3 1 EBP 1 EDEM3 2 EED 1 EEF1A2 1 EEF2 1 EFTUD2 1 EHMT1 1 EIF2AK2 2 EIF2AK3 0 EIF2S3 1 EIF3F 1 EIF4A3 1 EIF5A 1 ELAC2 0 ELOVL4 0 ELP2 0 EMC1 1 EMC10 2 EML1 1 EP300 0 EPG5 1 ERCC1 1 ERCC2 0 ERCC3 0 ERCC5 1 ERCC6 0 ERCC6L2 0 ERCC8 0 ERLIN2 1 ESCO2 0 ETFA 1 ETFB 1 ETFDH 1 ETHE1 0 EXOC7 1 EXOSC3 0 EXOSC8 1 EXT2 1 EXTL3 1 EZH2 1 FAM111A 0 FAM126A 0 FAM20C 0 FAM50A 1 FAR1 1 FARS2 1 FARSA 1 FARSB 1 FAT4 0 FBRSL1 1 FBXL3 2 FBXL4 0 FBXO11 1 FBXO28 1 FBXO31 2 FBXW11 2 FBXW7 1 FDFT1 1 FGD1 1 FGF12 0 FGF13 1 FGF14 1 FGFR1 1 FGFR3 1 FH 0 FIG4 0 FITM2 1 FKRP 0 FKTN 0 FLNA 0 FLVCR2 0 FMN2 0 FMR1 0 FOLR1 1 FOXG1 0 FOXP1 2 FOXP2 1 FOXRED1 0 FRAS1 1 FRMPD4 1 FRRS1L 1 FTCD 1 FTSJ1 0 FUCA1 0 FUT8 1 GABBR2 1 GABRA1 1 GABRA2 1 GABRA5 1 GABRB2 0 GABRB3 1 GABRG2 1 GAD1 1 GALC 0 GALE 0 GALNT2 1 GALT 1 GAMT 0 GATA6 1 GATAD2B 1 GATM 1 GCDH 0 GCH1 0 GDI1 0 GEMIN5 1 GFAP 0 GFER 1 GFM1 0 GJC2 0 GK 0 GLB1 0 GLDC 0 GLI2 0 GLI3 0 GLIS3 1 GLS 1 GLUL 0 GLYCTK 0 GM2A 0 GMPPA 0 GMPPB 0 GNAI1 2 GNAO1 1 GNAS 1 GNB1 1 GNB2 3 GNB5 1 GNE 1 GNPAT 0 GNPTAB 0 GNPTG 1 GNS 0 GOLGA2 2 GOT2 1 GPAA1 1 GPC3 0 GPC4 1 GPT2 1 GRIA1 1 GRIA2 2 GRIA3 1 GRIA4 0 GRID2 0 GRIK2 1 GRIN1 1 GRIN2A 1 GRIN2B 1 GRIN2D 1 GRM1 0 GRM7 1 GSS 1 GTF2H5 0 GTF3C3 1 GTPBP2 1 GTPBP3 0 GUSB 1 H3F3A 1 H3F3B 1 HACE1 1 HADHA 0 HADHB 1 HCCS 0 HCFC1 0 HCN1 0 HDAC4 2 HDAC8 1 HECW2 2 HEPACAM 0 HERC1 0 HERC2 2 HESX1 0 HEXA 0 HEXB 0 HGSNAT 1 HIBCH 0 HID1 1 HIRA 1 HIST1H1E 1 HIST1H4C 2 HIVEP2 1 HK1 2 HLCS 0 HMGB1 1 HMGCL 0 HNMT 1 HNRNPH1 1 HNRNPH2 0 HNRNPK 0 HNRNPR 1 HNRNPU 1 HOXA1 0 HPD 0 HPDL 2 HPRT1 0 HRAS 1 HS2ST1 3 HSD17B10 0 HSD17B4 1 HSPD1 0 HSPG2 1 HTRA2 0 HUWE1 1 IARS 1 IBA57 1 IDH2 0 IDS 0 IDUA 0 IER3IP1 1 IFIH1 0 IFT172 0 IFT27 1 IFT74 1 IGF1 1 IGF1R 1 IKBKG 0 IL1RAPL1 0 IMPDH2 2 INPP5E 1 INPP5K 0 INTS1 1 IQSEC1 1 IQSEC2 1 IREB2 1 IRF2BPL 1 ISCA1 1 ISCA2 1 ISPD 0 ITPA 0 ITPR1 0 IVD 0 JAM3 1 JARID2 1 JMJD1C 2 KANSL1 1 KARS 1 KAT5 2 KAT6A 0 KAT6B 0 KAT8 1 KATNB1 1 KCNA2 1 KCNB1 1 KCNC1 0 KCNH1 1 KCNJ10 0 KCNJ11 0 KCNJ6 1 KCNK4 1 KCNK9 1 KCNMA1 1 KCNN2 1 KCNN3 1 KCNQ2 0 KCNQ3 1 KCNQ5 1 KCNT1 0 KCNT2 1 KCTD3 0 KCTD7 0 KDM1A 1 KDM3B 2 KDM4B 2 KDM5B 1 KDM5C 1 KDM6A 0 KDM6B 1 KIAA0586 0 KIAA1109 0 KIDINS220 1 KIF11 2 KIF14 1 KIF1A 2 KIF1BP 1 KIF21B 1 KIF2A 1 KIF5A 0 KIF5C 1 KIF7 0 KLF7 1 KLHL7 0 KMT2A 1 KMT2B 1 KMT2C 1 KMT2D 2 KMT2E 1 KMT5B 1 KNL1 1 KPTN 1 KRAS 0 L1CAM 0 L2HGDH 0 LAMA1 0 LAMA2 1 LAMB1 1 LAMB2 1 LAMC3 0 LAMP2 0 LARGE1 0 LARP7 1 LARS 2 LARS2 0 LIAS 1 LIG4 0 LINGO4 1 LINS1 0 LIPT1 1 LMBRD1 1 LMBRD2 2 LMNB1 2 LMNB2 2 LONP1 0 LRP2 0 LRPPRC 0 LSS 1 LTBP1 1 LYRM7 1 LZTFL1 1 LZTR1 1 MAB21L1 2 MAB21L2 1 MACF1 1 MADD 3 MAF 0 MAGEL2 1 MAN1B1 1 MAN2B1 1 MANBA 1 MAOA 1 MAP1B 1 MAP2K1 0 MAP2K2 0 MAPK1 2 MAPK8IP3 2 MAPKAPK5 1 MAPRE2 1 MASP1 1 MAST1 1 MAST3 1 MAT1A 0 MBD5 1 MBOAT7 0 MBTPS2 0 MCCC1 0 MCCC2 0 MCM3AP 1 MCOLN1 1 MCPH1 1 MDH2 0 MECP2 1 MED12 0 MED12L 1 MED13 1 MED13L 0 MED17 1 MED23 0 MED25 1 MED27 2 MEF2C 1 MEGF8 2 MEIS2 0 METTL23 2 METTL5 1 MFF 0 MFSD2A 1 MFSD8 1 MGAT2 1 MICU1 1 MID1 0 MIR17HG 2 MKKS 0 MKS1 0 MLC1 0 MLYCD 1 MMAA 0 MMAB 0 MMACHC 0 MMADHC 0 MN1 2 MOCS1 1 MOCS2 0 MOGS 1 MORC2 2 MPDU1 1 MPDZ 1 MPLKIP 1 MPP5 1 MPV17 1 MRPS22 0 MRPS34 1 MSL3 1 MSMO1 1 MTFMT 0 MTHFR 0 MTHFS 1 MTO1 1 MTOR 0 MTR 1 MTRR 1 MUT 0 MVK 0 MYCN 0 MYO5A 0 MYT1L 2 NAA10 0 NAA15 1 NACC1 0 NAGA 0 NAGLU 0 NALCN 0 NANS 0 NARS 2 NBEA 1 NCAPD2 2 NCAPG2 1 NCDN 2 NCKAP1 1 NDE1 1 NDP 0 NDST1 0 NDUFA1 0 NDUFA2 1 NDUFAF1 1 NDUFS1 1 NDUFS4 1 NDUFS7 0 NDUFS8 0 NDUFV1 0 NEDD4L 1 NEMF 2 NEU1 0 NEUROD2 1 NEXMIF 1 NF1 0 NFASC 1 NFIA 0 NFIB 1 NFIX 0 NFU1 1 NGLY1 0 NHS 0 NIPBL 1 NKAP 1 NKX2-1 0 NLGN3 0 NONO 0 NOVA2 1 NPC1 0 NPC2 0 NPHP1 0 NPHP3 1 NR2F1 1 NR4A2 2 NRAS 0 NRROS 1 NRXN1 0 NSD1 0 NSD2 1 NSDHL 1 NSUN2 0 NT5C2 1 NTNG2 1 NTRK1 0 NTRK2 1 NUBPL 0 NUDT2 1 NUP188 1 NUP214 2 NUS1 1 OCLN 0 OCRL 0 ODC1 1 OFD1 0 OGT 1 OPA3 0 OPHN1 0 OSGEP 1 OTC 0 OTUD5 2 OTUD6B 0 OTX2 0 OXR1 1 P4HTM 1 PACS1 1 PACS2 1 PAFAH1B1 1 PAH 0 PAK1 1 PAK3 1 PAM16 1 PARN 0 PARP6 1 PAX6 0 PAX8 0 PBX1 0 PC 0 PCCA 0 PCCB 0 PCDH12 1 PCDH19 0 PCDHGC4 1 PCGF2 1 PCNT 0 PCYT2 1 PDE10A 1 PDE4D 0 PDE6D 1 PDGFRB 0 PDHA1 0 PDHB 1 PDHX 0 PDP1 1 PDSS1 1 PDSS2 0 PEPD 0 PET100 1 PEX1 0 PEX10 0 PEX11B 0 PEX12 0 PEX13 0 PEX14 0 PEX16 0 PEX19 0 PEX2 0 PEX26 0 PEX3 0 PEX5 0 PEX6 0 PEX7 0 PGAP1 0 PGAP2 1 PGAP3 1 PGK1 1 PGM2L1 1 PGM3 1 PHACTR1 1 PHF21A 2 PHF6 0 PHF8 1 PHGDH 0 PHIP 1 PI4KA 1 PIBF1 2 PIDD1 1 PIGA 1 PIGB 2 PIGC 1 PIGG 1 PIGH 1 PIGK 1 PIGL 1 PIGN 1 PIGO 1 PIGP 2 PIGQ 1 PIGS 1 PIGT 1 PIGU 1 PIGV 1 PIGW 0 PIK3C2A 1 PIK3CA 0 PIK3R2 1 PISD 1 PITRM1 1 PLA2G6 0 PLAA 0 PLCB1 1 PLK4 1 PLP1 0 PLPBP 1 PMM2 0 PMPCA 1 PMPCB 1 PNKP 1 PNPLA6 0 PNPT1 1 POGZ 1 POLA1 1 POLG 0 POLR1C 1 POLR2A 1 POLR3A 0 POLR3B 0 POLRMT 1 POMGNT1 0 POMGNT2 0 POMK 1 POMT1 0 POMT2 0 PORCN 0 POU3F3 1 PPIL1 1 PPM1D 1 PPP1CB 1 PPP1R12A 1 PPP1R15B 0 PPP1R21 1 PPP2CA 1 PPP2R1A 1 PPP2R5D 1 PPP3CA 0 PPT1 0 PQBP1 1 PRICKLE2 1 PRKAR1A 1 PRKAR1B 1 PRMT7 0 PRODH 0 PRPS1 0 PRR12 1 PRSS12 0 PRUNE1 1 PSAP 1 PSMD12 0 PSPH 0 PTCH1 0 PTCHD1 0 PTDSS1 0 PTEN 0 PTF1A 0 PTPN11 0 PTPN23 1 PTPN4 1 PTRHD1 1 PTS 0 PUF60 1 PUM1 1 PURA 1 PUS1 0 PUS3 1 PUS7 1 PYCR1 0 PYCR2 0 QARS 1 QDPR 0 QRICH1 1 RAB11B 1 RAB18 0 RAB23 0 RAB39B 0 RAB3GAP1 1 RAB3GAP2 0 RAC1 1 RAC3 1 RAD21 1 RAF1 0 RAI1 1 RALA 1 RALGAPA1 1 RAP1B 2 RARB 1 RARS 1 RARS2 0 RBBP8 0 RBM10 1 RELN 0 RERE 1 RFT1 1 RFX3 1 RFX4 1 RFX7 1 RHEB 1 RHOBTB2 1 RIT1 0 RLIM 1 RMND1 0 RNASEH2A 0 RNASEH2B 0 RNASEH2C 0 RNASET2 0 RNF125 0 RNF13 1 RNF220 1 RNU4ATAC 1 RNU7-1 2 ROGDI 1 ROR2 0 RORA 1 RPGRIP1L 0 RPIA 1 RPL10 1 RPS6KA3 0 RRM2B 0 RSRC1 1 RTEL1 0 RTN4IP1 1 RTTN 1 SAMD9 0 SAMHD1 0 SARS2 1 SATB1 2 SATB2 1 SBF1 1 SC5D 0 SCAF4 1 SCAMP5 2 SCAPER 1 SCN1A 1 SCN1B 1 SCN2A 0 SCN3A 1 SCN8A 0 SCO2 0 SDCCAG8 1 SDHA 0 SDHAF1 1 SEPSECS 1 SERAC1 0 SET 0 SETBP1 0 SETD1A 1 SETD1B 1 SETD2 1 SETD5 1 SFXN4 1 SGPL1 0 SGSH 1 SHANK2 0 SHANK3 1 SHH 0 SHMT2 2 SHOC2 1 SIAH1 1 SIK1 0 SIL1 1 SIN3A 0 SIN3B 1 SIX3 0 SKI 0 SLC12A2 3 SLC12A5 0 SLC12A6 0 SLC13A5 1 SLC16A2 1 SLC17A5 0 SLC18A2 1 SLC19A3 0 SLC1A1 1 SLC1A2 1 SLC1A4 1 SLC25A1 0 SLC25A12 0 SLC25A15 0 SLC25A22 0 SLC2A1 0 SLC33A1 0 SLC35A1 0 SLC35A2 0 SLC35C1 0 SLC39A14 0 SLC39A8 1 SLC46A1 1 SLC4A4 0 SLC5A6 1 SLC6A1 1 SLC6A17 0 SLC6A19 0 SLC6A3 0 SLC6A8 0 SLC6A9 1 SLC9A6 1 SLX4 0 SMAD4 0 SMARCA2 1 SMARCA4 0 SMARCA5 1 SMARCB1 0 SMARCC2 1 SMARCD1 1 SMARCE1 0 SMC1A 0 SMC3 0 SMG8 2 SMG9 1 SMOC1 1 SMPD1 1 SMPD4 1 SMS 0 SNAP25 1 SNAP29 0 SNRPB 1 SNX14 0 SNX27 1 SON 1 SOS1 1 SOS2 1 SOX10 0 SOX11 0 SOX2 1 SOX4 1 SOX5 1 SOX6 2 SOX9 0 SPART 1 SPATA5 1 SPECC1L 0 SPEN 2 SPG11 1 SPOP 1 SPR 0 SPRED1 1 SPTAN1 1 SPTBN1 1 SPTBN2 0 SPTBN4 2 SRCAP 2 SRD5A3 0 SSR4 0 ST3GAL3 0 ST3GAL5 2 STAG1 0 STAG2 1 STAMBP 1 STIL 1 STRA6 0 STRADA 1 STT3A 2 STX1B 0 STXBP1 0 SUCLA2 1 SUCLG1 0 SUFU 1 SUMF1 1 SUOX 0 SUPT16H 1 SURF1 0 SUZ12 2 SVBP 2 SYN1 0 SYNCRIP 2 SYNGAP1 1 SYNJ1 0 SYP 0 SYT1 2 SZT2 0 TAF1 1 TAF2 2 TAF6 1 TANC2 2 TANGO2 0 TAOK1 1 TASP1 1 TAT 0 TAZ 0 TBC1D20 1 TBC1D23 0 TBC1D24 0 TBCD 1 TBCE 0 TBCK 0 TBL1XR1 0 TBR1 1 TBX1 1 TCF20 1 TCF4 0 TCF7L2 2 TCN2 1 TCTN2 0 TCTN3 1 TDP2 1 TECPR2 1 TELO2 1 TENM3 1 TERT 2 TET3 1 TFE3 2 TGIF1 1 TH 0 THOC2 1 THOC6 0 THRA 0 TIMM50 1 TINF2 1 TLK2 1 TMCO1 0 TMEM106B 1 TMEM165 1 TMEM216 0 TMEM222 2 TMEM237 1 TMEM240 0 TMEM5 0 TMEM67 1 TMEM70 0 TMEM94 1 TMTC3 1 TMX2 1 TNPO2 1 TNR 1 TNRC6B 2 TOE1 1 TOGARAM1 1 TP73 1 TPP1 1 TPP2 1 TRAF7 1 TRAIP 1 TRAK1 1 TRAPPC11 1 TRAPPC12 1 TRAPPC4 1 TRAPPC6B 1 TRAPPC9 2 TREX1 0 TRIM8 1 TRIO 1 TRIP12 1 TRIT1 1 TRMT1 1 TRMT10A 1 TRNT1 1 TRPM3 1 TRRAP 1 TSC1 0 TSC2 0 TSEN15 1 TSEN2 0 TSEN54 0 TSFM 0 TSHB 0 TSPAN7 0 TSPOAP1 1 TTC19 0 TTC37 0 TTC5 2 TTC8 1 TTI2 1 TUBA1A 0 TUBB 1 TUBB2A 1 TUBB2B 0 TUBB3 0 TUBB4A 0 TUBG1 0 TUBGCP2 1 TUBGCP6 1 TUSC3 1 TWIST1 0 UBA5 0 UBE2A 1 UBE3A 0 UBE3B 1 UBE4A 1 UBR1 1 UBR7 1 UBTF 1 UFC1 1 UFM1 1 UFSP2 2 UGDH 1 UGP2 1 UMPS 1 UNC80 1 UPB1 2 UPF3B 2 USP18 1 USP7 2 USP9X 1 VAMP2 2 VARS 1 VARS2 1 VIPAS39 1 VLDLR 0 VPS11 1 VPS13B 0 VPS33B 1 VPS41 1 VPS4A 3 VPS53 0 VRK1 0 WAC 1 WARS2 1 WASF1 2 WASHC4 3 WDFY3 1 WDPCP 1 WDR11 2 WDR26 1 WDR37 1 WDR4 2 WDR45 0 WDR45B 1 WDR62 1 WDR73 0 WDR81 1 WNT1 1 WNT5A 2 WWOX 0 XPA 2 XRCC4 0 XYLT1 2 YARS 1 YIF1B 2 YWHAG 1 YY1 0 ZBTB18 0 ZBTB20 0 ZBTB24 1 ZC4H2 0 ZDHHC9 0 ZEB2 1 ZFHX4 1 ZFYVE26 0 ZIC1 1 ZIC2 0 ZMIZ1 2 ZMYM2 2 ZMYND11 1 ZNF142 1 ZNF148 1 ZNF292 2 ZNF335 1 ZNF462 2 ZNF526 1 ZNF699 1 ZNF711 1 ZSWIM6 1 AASS 1 ACADSB 1 ACAT1 1 ADAM22 1 AKAP6 1 ALDOA 1 ALX1 1 ALX3 1 ALX4 1 AP2S1 1 ARF3 2 ARHGAP31 1 ARHGAP35 1 ARNT2 1 ATP6V0A1 1 ATP9A 1 ATXN2L 1 B3GALT6 1 B9D1 1 BBIP1 1 C16orf62 1 C8orf37 1 CACNB4 1 CAPZA2 1 CCDC174 1 CCDC78 1 CD96 1 CDK16 1 CDK6 1 CDKN1C 1 CEP63 1 CEP89 1 CHRM1 1 CHST14 1 CLCN2 1 CNKSR1 1 COPB1 1 COQ2 1 COQ9 1 COX14 1 COX20 1 COX7B 1 CPE 1 CRBN 1 CTC1 1 CTNND1 1 CTNND2 1 DDOST 1 DHX32 1 DLAT 1 DPH2 1 DPP6 2 DSCAM 1 EEF1B2 1 EEF1D 1 EIF2A 1 EMG1 1 EMX2 1 EPHA7 1 ERGIC3 2 EXOC2 2 EXOSC2 1 FANCB 1 FANCD2 1 FANCG 1 FASTKD2 1 FEM1B 1 FGFR2 1 FIBP 1 FOXP4 1 FRMD4A 1 FRY 1 FTO 1 FUK 1 GBA 1 GEMIN4 1 GIGYF1 1 GMNN 1 GNAI2 1 GNAQ 1 GORAB 1 GPHN 1 GSX2 1 GTF2E2 2 HARS 2 HAX1 1 HEATR5B 1 HIST1H4J 1 HNRNPD 1 HSPA9 1 HTT 1 HYLS1 1 ICE1 1 IMPA1 1 INPP4A 1 IQSEC3 2 ITCH 1 ITFG2 2 ITGA7 1 JAKMIP1 1 KCNJ1 1 KLHL15 1 LAS1L 1 LINGO1 1 LIPT2 1 LMAN2L 1 LNPK 1 LRRC32 1 LYST 1 MAGT1 1 MMGT1 1 MRPL3 2 MSL2 1 NBN 1 NDUFA10 1 NDUFA11 1 NDUFA9 1 NDUFAF2 1 NDUFAF3 1 NDUFAF4 1 NDUFAF5 1 NDUFAF6 1 NDUFB3 1 NDUFB9 1 NDUFS2 1 NDUFS3 1 NDUFS6 1 NDUFV2 1 NECAP1 1 NHP2 1 NMNAT1 1 NR2F2 1 NSF 1 PAX1 1 PDCD6IP 1 PDE2A 1 PHC1 1 PIEZO2 1 PIGY 1 PJA1 1 PLCH1 1 PLEKHG2 1 PLOD3 1 PLXNA2 1 PPP2R5C 1 PRKACB 2 PRKD1 2 PRRT2 1 PSAT1 1 PSMB1 1 PSMC3 1 PSMC5 1 PTRH2 1 RAB11A 1 RAB14 1 RAP1GDS1 1 RIC1 1 RMRP 1 RNF113A 1 RNF2 1 RPS23 1 RSPRY1 1 RUSC2 1 SACS 1 SEC31A 1 SEMA3E 1 SEMA5A 1 SHROOM4 1 SLC2A2 1 SLC35A3 2 SLC45A1 1 SLC5A5 1 SLC9A7 1 SMARCD2 1 SNORD118 1 SNRPN 1 SOX3 2 SRRM2 1 STN1 1 TACO1 1 TAF13 1 TAF1C 1 TARS 1 TBC1D2B 2 TBC1D7 1 TGFB1 1 THRB 1 TKFC 1 TKT 2 TMEM231 1 TMLHE 1 TNIK 1 TOP2B 1 TRAPPC2L 1 TRIP13 1 TTI1 2 TUBGCP4 1 TUFM 1 U2AF2 1 UPF1 1 UQCC2 1 USP27X 1 VPS37A 1 VPS50 1 VPS51 1 WFS1 2 YAP1 1 ZBTB11 1 ZBTB16 1 ZC3H14 4 ZFHX3 2 ZNF407 2 ZNF668 1 ABCC6 2 ABCG5 1 ACOX2 1 ACTA1 1 ADA2 1 ADAMTSL2 1 ADCY5 1 ADGRB3 1 ADGRG6 2 ADRA2B 1 AFG3L2 1 AGGF1 1 AGK 1 AGL 1 AGO3 1 AGPS 1 AGT 1 AGTR2 1 AKR1C2 1 ALDOB 1 ALG2 1 ALS2 1 ANK3 1 ANKH 1 APTX 1 AR 1 ARHGEF6 1 ASMT 1 ATL1 1 ATP10A 1 ATP2A2 1 ATP2B3 1 ATP2C2 1 ATXN10 1 AVP 1 AVPR1A 1 AVPR2 1 B3GAT3 1 BDNF 1 BICD2 1 BIN1 1 BMPER 1 C19orf12 1 C3orf58 1 CA5A 1 CACNG2 1 CANT1 1 CCDC8 1 CDC6 1 CDK5R1 1 CDT1 1 CFH 1 CFHR1 1 CFHR3 1 CHRNA4 1 CISD2 1 CLCNKA 1 CLIC2 1 CLIP2 1 CLPP 1 CMAS 1 CNTN3 1 CNTN4 1 CNTN6 1 CNTNAP5 1 COA3 1 COL18A1 1 COL1A2 1 COLEC10 1 COQ5 1 CORO1A 1 COX4I2 1 COX6B1 1 CP 1 CPA6 1 CRKL 1 CRLF1 1 CRTAP 1 CTSF 1 CUBN 1 CYFIP1 1 CYP27A1 1 CYP2U1 1 DDR2 1 DISP1 1 DLGAP2 1 DLK1 2 DNAJA1 1 DNAJC3 1 DNAJC6 1 DOCK4 1 DOK7 1 DPM3 1 DPP10 1 DSCR3 1 DSE 1 DTYMK 1 DUOXA2 1 DYNC2H1 1 EDC3 1 EDNRB 1 EFNB1 1 EFNB2 1 EIF2AK1 1 EIF2B1 1 EIF2B2 1 EIF2B3 1 EIF2B4 1 EIF2B5 1 ELMOD1 1 EOGT 1 EOMES 1 EPB41L1 1 EPM2A 1 ERCC4 1 ERF 1 ERMARD 1 ETS1 1 EVC 1 EVC2 1 FA2H 1 FAAH2 1 FAM160B1 1 FBLN5 1 FBN1 1 FDXR 1 FGF3 1 FLNB 1 FLVCR1 1 FTL 1 FZD3 1 G6PC3 1 GABRG1 1 GAN 1 GATA1 1 GBA2 1 GBE1 1 GCK 1 GCSH 1 GHR 1 GJA1 1 GJB1 1 GLRA1 1 GLUD1 1 GNA14 1 GOSR2 1 GPSM2 1 GRPR 1 GSPT2 1 GTF2I 1 GTF2IRD1 1 GYS2 1 H19 1 HADH 1 HAL 1 HARS2 1 HOXD10 1 IFT140 1 IGBP1 1 IGF2 1 IMMP2L 1 INS 1 INSR 1 INTS8 1 IRX5 1 IYD 1 JAG1 1 JPH3 1 KANK1 1 KATNAL2 1 KCNC3 1 KCND3 1 KCTD13 1 KIF16B 1 KIF1B 1 KIF21A 1 KIF4A 1 KIRREL3 1 KLF8 1 KLLN 1 KYNU 1 LBR 1 LGI4 1 LHX3 1 LMNA 1 LRP5 1 LSM1 1 LSM11 2 MACROD2 1 MAP4K4 2 MARS2 2 MCM4 1 MEPCE 1 MET 1 METAP1 1 MFN2 1 MGME1 1 MGP 1 MID2 1 MLH1 1 MNX1 1 MPI 1 MPZ 1 MRAP 1 MRPS16 1 MSH6 1 MTM1 1 MTMR2 1 MTPAP 1 MYH3 1 MYMK 1 MYO7A 1 MYT1 1 NAGS 1 NDN 1 NEGR1 1 NGF 1 NHEJ1 1 NHLRC1 1 NIN 1 NLGN1 1 NLGN4X 1 NOP10 1 NOTCH3 1 NRXN2 1 NTNG1 1 NUP62 1 ORC1 1 ORC4 1 ORC6 1 OTUD7A 2 PANK2 1 PAX2 1 PAX3 1 PAX7 1 PCBD1 1 PCDH10 1 PCDH15 1 PCDH9 1 PCLO 1 PDE11A 1 PDGFB 1 PHKA2 1 PHKG2 1 PIGF 2 PIK3R1 1 PINK1 1 PIP5K1B 1 PNP 1 POC1A 1 POLD1 1 POLD2 1 PON3 1 POP1 1 POU1F1 1 PPM1K 1 PPOX 1 PRDM8 1 PREPL 1 PRF1 1 PRICKLE1 1 PRKDC 1 PRKN 1 PRKRA 1 PRRX1 1 PRX 1 PYGL 1 RAB27A 1 RAB40AL 1 RALGAPB 1 RANBP2 1 RAPSN 1 RASA1 2 RAX 1 RBFOX1 1 RBL2 1 RBM28 1 RBM8A 1 RBPJ 1 RECQL4 1 RET 1 RFX6 1 RIMS1 1 RIN2 1 RING1 1 RNF135 2 RPL11 1 RPS19 1 RPS28 1 RUBCN 1 SALL1 1 SAMD9L 1 SBDS 1 SCN11A 1 SCN9A 1 SCO1 1 SECISBP2 1 SELENOI 1 SELENON 1 SF3B4 1 SGCA 1 SH3TC2 1 SHANK1 1 SLC12A1 1 SLC19A2 1 SLC1A3 1 SLC20A2 1 SLC22A5 1 SLC25A13 1 SLC25A19 1 SLC25A20 1 SLC25A24 1 SLC25A4 2 SLC29A3 1 SLC2A10 1 SLC39A4 1 SLC44A1 2 SLC5A2 1 SLC6A4 1 SLC7A7 1 SLC9A9 1 SMCHD1 1 SMG6 1 SNIP1 1 SNRPA 1 SNRPE 2 SOBP 1 SOST 1 SP7 1 SPAST 1 SPEG 1 SPG7 2 SPINK5 1 SPRTN 1 SPTLC1 1 SRPX2 1 ST7 1 STAC3 1 STAT5B 1 STK3 1 STT3B 1 STX11 1 SYT14 1 TAF8 1 TDGF1 2 TECR 1 TFAP2A 1 TFAP2B 1 TFG 1 TG 1 TGFBR1 1 TGFBR2 1 THAP1 1 TIMM8A 1 TMEM260 1 TP63 1 TPH2 1 TPK1 1 TRAPPC6A 1 TREM2 1 TRHR 1 TRIM32 1 TRIM37 1 TSEN34 1 TSHR 1 TTC21B 1 TTR 1 TUBA8 1 TWNK 1 TXNL4A 1 UBE2U 1 UBR4 2 UCHL1 1 UGT1A1 1 UNC13A 1 UNC13D 1 UQCRB 1 UQCRC2 1 UQCRQ 1 UROC1 1 VAMP1 1 VANGL1 1 VPS45 1 WASHC5 1 WDR13 1 WDR19 1 WDR34 1 WIPI2 1 WRAP53 1 XIST 1 XPNPEP3 1 ZCCHC12 1 ZDHHC15 1 ZFP57 1 ZMYM3 1 ZNF41 1 ZNF423 1 ZNF507 1 ZNF674 1 ZNF804A 1 ZNF81 2 ZNHIT6 1 DIP2B 2 DMPK 2 Add a gene STRs in panel DM1 1 FRAXE 1 FRA12A 1 Add a STR Regions in panel Add a Region Intellectual disability syndromic and non-syndromic Gene: HMGB1 Green List (high evidence) You reviewed HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh38): ENSG00000189403 EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh37): ENSG00000189403 OMIM: 163905, Gene2Phenotype HMGB1 is in 3 panels Reviews (1) Details History Review feedback Review gene Rating: Rating Mode of Inheritance: Mode of Inheritance Mode of pathogenicity: Mode of pathogenicity Publications (PMID: 1234; 4321): Publications (PMID: 1234; 4321) Phenotypes (separate using a semi-colon -; ): Phenotypes (separate using a semi-colon -; ) Current diagnostic: Current diagnostic Comments: Comments 1 review Your review Chirag Patel (Genetic Health Queensland) Green List (high evidence) 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome is a rare cause of syndromic ID. Previous studies identified four genes within the ~300 Kb minimal critical region including two candidate protein coding genes: KATNAL1 and HMGB1. Uguen et al. (2021) report 6 patients with LOF variants involving HMGB1 with features similar to 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome (i.e. developmental delay, language delay, microcephaly, obesity and dysmorphic features). In silico analyses suggest that HMGB1 is likely to be intolerant to LOF, and previous in vitro data are in line with the role of HMGB1 in neurodevelopment. They suggest that haploinsufficiency of the HMGB1 gene may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome. Sources: Literature Created: 17 Sep 2021, 4:56 a.m. Mode of inheritance MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Phenotypes Developmental delay and microcephaly, no OMIM # to Developmental delay and microcephaly, no OMIM # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.49 | HMGB1 |
Chirag Patel gene: HMGB1 was added gene: HMGB1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HMGB1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: HMGB1 were set to PMID: 34164801 Phenotypes for gene: HMGB1 were set to 0 ALDH5A1 1 ALDH7A1 0 ALG1 0 ALG11 1 ALG12 1 ALG13 1 ALG14 1 ALG3 1 ALG6 1 ALG8 1 ALG9 1 ALKBH8 1 ALMS1 0 AMER1 0 AMPD2 0 AMT 0 ANK2 2 ANKRD11 0 ANKRD17 2 AP1B1 1 AP1G1 1 AP1S1 0 AP1S2 0 AP2M1 1 AP3B1 0 AP3B2 1 AP4B1 1 AP4E1 1 AP4M1 1 AP4S1 1 APC2 1 APOPT1 1 ARCN1 1 ARF1 1 ARFGEF2 0 ARG1 0 ARHGEF9 1 ARID1A 1 ARID1B 1 ARID2 2 ARL13B 1 ARL6 1 ARMC9 1 ARSA 0 ARSB 1 ARSE 1 ARV1 0 ARX 0 ASAH1 0 ASH1L 1 ASL 1 ASNS 1 ASPA 0 ASPM 1 ASS1 0 ASTN1 1 ASXL1 0 ASXL2 0 ASXL3 1 ATAD1 1 ATAD3A 1 ATG7 1 ATIC 1 ATM 0 ATN1 1 ATP13A2 0 ATP1A1 1 ATP1A2 1 ATP1A3 2 ATP6AP1 1 ATP6AP2 0 ATP6V0A2 0 ATP6V1A 1 ATP6V1B2 0 ATP7A 0 ATP8A2 1 ATR 0 ATRX 0 AUH 0 AUTS2 1 B3GALNT2 1 B3GLCT 0 B4GALNT1 0 B4GALT1 1 B4GALT7 1 B9D2 1 BAZ2B 1 BBS1 0 BBS10 0 BBS12 0 BBS2 0 BBS4 1 BBS5 1 BBS7 1 BBS9 1 BCAP31 0 BCAS3 1 BCKDHA 0 BCKDHB 0 BCKDK 0 BCL11A 0 BCL11B 1 BCOR 1 BCORL1 1 BCS1L 0 BICRA 3 BLM 0 BMP4 0 BOLA3 0 BPTF 1 BRAF 0 BRAT1 1 BRD4 2 BRF1 1 BRIP1 1 BRPF1 1 BRSK2 1 BRWD3 0 BSCL2 0 BSND 1 BTD 0 BUB1B 0 C12orf4 0 C12orf57 0 C12orf65 0 C2CD3 1 C2orf69 1 C5orf42 1 CA2 1 CA8 1 CACNA1A 0 CACNA1B 1 CACNA1C 0 CACNA1D 1 CACNA1E 1 CACNA1G 2 CACNA1I 1 CACNA2D2 1 CAD 1 CAMK2A 0 CAMK2B 1 CAMK4 1 CAMTA1 2 CAPN15 1 CARS 1 CARS2 1 CASK 0 CBL 0 CBS 0 CBY1 1 CC2D1A 1 CC2D2A 0 CCBE1 1 CCDC22 0 CCDC47 1 CCDC88A 1 CCDC88C 2 CCND2 0 CDC42 0 CDC42BPB 1 CDH11 2 CDH15 0 CDH2 1 CDK10 0 CDK13 1 CDK19 1 CDK5RAP2 1 CDK8 1 CDKL5 0 CDON 0 CELF2 1 CENPF 0 CENPJ 0 CEP104 1 CEP120 1 CEP135 1 CEP152 1 CEP164 1 CEP290 0 CEP41 0 CEP55 1 CEP57 1 CEP83 1 CEP85L 1 CHAMP1 0 CHD1 1 CHD2 0 CHD3 1 CHD4 1 CHD5 1 CHD7 0 CHD8 0 CHKB 0 CHMP1A 1 CIC 0 CIT 0 CKAP2L 0 CLCN3 1 CLCN4 1 CLCN6 1 CLCNKB 1 CLN3 0 CLN5 1 CLN6 0 CLN8 0 CLP1 1 CLPB 1 CLTC 1 CNKSR2 0 CNNM2 0 CNOT1 3 CNOT2 1 CNOT3 2 CNPY3 1 CNTNAP1 1 CNTNAP2 0 COASY 1 COG1 0 COG4 1 COG5 1 COG6 1 COG7 0 COG8 1 COL4A1 0 COL4A2 0 COL4A3BP 0 COLEC11 0 COPB2 2 COQ4 0 COQ8A 0 COX10 1 COX15 0 CPS1 0 CRADD 1 CRB2 0 CREBBP 1 CSDE1 1 CSNK1G1 2 CSNK2A1 0 CSNK2B 0 CSPP1 1 CSTB 0 CTBP1 1 CTCF 1 CTDP1 0 CTNNA2 1 CTNNB1 0 CTSA 0 CTSD 0 CTU2 1 CUL3 2 CUL4B 0 CUX1 1 CUX2 1 CWC27 0 CWF19L1 1 CXorf56 1 CYB5R3 0 CYC1 0 CYFIP2 1 D2HGDH 0 DAG1 0 DARS 1 DARS2 0 DBT 0 DCAF17 0 DCHS1 0 DCPS 1 DCX 0 DDB1 2 DDC 0 DDHD2 0 DDX11 1 DDX23 2 DDX3X 0 DDX59 1 DDX6 1 DEAF1 1 DEGS1 1 DENND5A 1 DEPDC5 0 DHCR24 0 DHCR7 0 DHDDS 1 DHFR 1 DHPS 1 DHTKD1 0 DHX30 1 DHX37 2 DIAPH1 0 DIS3L2 0 DKC1 0 DLD 0 DLG3 1 DLG4 2 DLL1 1 DMD 0 DMXL2 1 DNAJC12 1 DNAJC19 0 DNM1 1 DNM1L 1 DNMT3A 1 DNMT3B 0 DOCK3 1 DOCK6 1 DOCK7 1 DOCK8 0 DOLK 1 DPAGT1 1 DPF2 0 DPH1 1 DPM1 0 DPM2 1 DPYD 1 DPYS 1 DPYSL5 1 DYM 1 DYNC1H1 0 DYNC1I2 1 DYRK1A 1 EARS2 1 EBF3 1 EBP 1 EDEM3 2 EED 1 EEF1A2 1 EEF2 1 EFTUD2 1 EHMT1 1 EIF2AK2 2 EIF2AK3 0 EIF2S3 1 EIF3F 1 EIF4A3 1 EIF5A 1 ELAC2 0 ELOVL4 0 ELP2 0 EMC1 1 EMC10 2 EML1 1 EP300 0 EPG5 1 ERCC1 1 ERCC2 0 ERCC3 0 ERCC5 1 ERCC6 0 ERCC6L2 0 ERCC8 0 ERLIN2 1 ESCO2 0 ETFA 1 ETFB 1 ETFDH 1 ETHE1 0 EXOC7 1 EXOSC3 0 EXOSC8 1 EXT2 1 EXTL3 1 EZH2 1 FAM111A 0 FAM126A 0 FAM20C 0 FAM50A 1 FAR1 1 FARS2 1 FARSA 1 FARSB 1 FAT4 0 FBRSL1 1 FBXL3 2 FBXL4 0 FBXO11 1 FBXO28 1 FBXO31 2 FBXW11 2 FBXW7 1 FDFT1 1 FGD1 1 FGF12 0 FGF13 1 FGF14 1 FGFR1 1 FGFR3 1 FH 0 FIG4 0 FITM2 1 FKRP 0 FKTN 0 FLNA 0 FLVCR2 0 FMN2 0 FMR1 0 FOLR1 1 FOXG1 0 FOXP1 2 FOXP2 1 FOXRED1 0 FRAS1 1 FRMPD4 1 FRRS1L 1 FTCD 1 FTSJ1 0 FUCA1 0 FUT8 1 GABBR2 1 GABRA1 1 GABRA2 1 GABRA5 1 GABRB2 0 GABRB3 1 GABRG2 1 GAD1 1 GALC 0 GALE 0 GALNT2 1 GALT 1 GAMT 0 GATA6 1 GATAD2B 1 GATM 1 GCDH 0 GCH1 0 GDI1 0 GEMIN5 1 GFAP 0 GFER 1 GFM1 0 GJC2 0 GK 0 GLB1 0 GLDC 0 GLI2 0 GLI3 0 GLIS3 1 GLS 1 GLUL 0 GLYCTK 0 GM2A 0 GMPPA 0 GMPPB 0 GNAI1 2 GNAO1 1 GNAS 1 GNB1 1 GNB2 3 GNB5 1 GNE 1 GNPAT 0 GNPTAB 0 GNPTG 1 GNS 0 GOLGA2 2 GOT2 1 GPAA1 1 GPC3 0 GPC4 1 GPT2 1 GRIA1 1 GRIA2 2 GRIA3 1 GRIA4 0 GRID2 0 GRIK2 1 GRIN1 1 GRIN2A 1 GRIN2B 1 GRIN2D 1 GRM1 0 GRM7 1 GSS 1 GTF2H5 0 GTF3C3 1 GTPBP2 1 GTPBP3 0 GUSB 1 H3F3A 1 H3F3B 1 HACE1 1 HADHA 0 HADHB 1 HCCS 0 HCFC1 0 HCN1 0 HDAC4 2 HDAC8 1 HECW2 2 HEPACAM 0 HERC1 0 HERC2 2 HESX1 0 HEXA 0 HEXB 0 HGSNAT 1 HIBCH 0 HID1 1 HIRA 1 HIST1H1E 1 HIST1H4C 2 HIVEP2 1 HK1 2 HLCS 0 HMGB1 1 HMGCL 0 HNMT 1 HNRNPH1 1 HNRNPH2 0 HNRNPK 0 HNRNPR 1 HNRNPU 1 HOXA1 0 HPD 0 HPDL 2 HPRT1 0 HRAS 1 HS2ST1 3 HSD17B10 0 HSD17B4 1 HSPD1 0 HSPG2 1 HTRA2 0 HUWE1 1 IARS 1 IBA57 1 IDH2 0 IDS 0 IDUA 0 IER3IP1 1 IFIH1 0 IFT172 0 IFT27 1 IFT74 1 IGF1 1 IGF1R 1 IKBKG 0 IL1RAPL1 0 IMPDH2 2 INPP5E 1 INPP5K 0 INTS1 1 IQSEC1 1 IQSEC2 1 IREB2 1 IRF2BPL 1 ISCA1 1 ISCA2 1 ISPD 0 ITPA 0 ITPR1 0 IVD 0 JAM3 1 JARID2 1 JMJD1C 2 KANSL1 1 KARS 1 KAT5 2 KAT6A 0 KAT6B 0 KAT8 1 KATNB1 1 KCNA2 1 KCNB1 1 KCNC1 0 KCNH1 1 KCNJ10 0 KCNJ11 0 KCNJ6 1 KCNK4 1 KCNK9 1 KCNMA1 1 KCNN2 1 KCNN3 1 KCNQ2 0 KCNQ3 1 KCNQ5 1 KCNT1 0 KCNT2 1 KCTD3 0 KCTD7 0 KDM1A 1 KDM3B 2 KDM4B 2 KDM5B 1 KDM5C 1 KDM6A 0 KDM6B 1 KIAA0586 0 KIAA1109 0 KIDINS220 1 KIF11 2 KIF14 1 KIF1A 2 KIF1BP 1 KIF21B 1 KIF2A 1 KIF5A 0 KIF5C 1 KIF7 0 KLF7 1 KLHL7 0 KMT2A 1 KMT2B 1 KMT2C 1 KMT2D 2 KMT2E 1 KMT5B 1 KNL1 1 KPTN 1 KRAS 0 L1CAM 0 L2HGDH 0 LAMA1 0 LAMA2 1 LAMB1 1 LAMB2 1 LAMC3 0 LAMP2 0 LARGE1 0 LARP7 1 LARS 2 LARS2 0 LIAS 1 LIG4 0 LINGO4 1 LINS1 0 LIPT1 1 LMBRD1 1 LMBRD2 2 LMNB1 2 LMNB2 2 LONP1 0 LRP2 0 LRPPRC 0 LSS 1 LTBP1 1 LYRM7 1 LZTFL1 1 LZTR1 1 MAB21L1 2 MAB21L2 1 MACF1 1 MADD 3 MAF 0 MAGEL2 1 MAN1B1 1 MAN2B1 1 MANBA 1 MAOA 1 MAP1B 1 MAP2K1 0 MAP2K2 0 MAPK1 2 MAPK8IP3 2 MAPKAPK5 1 MAPRE2 1 MASP1 1 MAST1 1 MAST3 1 MAT1A 0 MBD5 1 MBOAT7 0 MBTPS2 0 MCCC1 0 MCCC2 0 MCM3AP 1 MCOLN1 1 MCPH1 1 MDH2 0 MECP2 1 MED12 0 MED12L 1 MED13 1 MED13L 0 MED17 1 MED23 0 MED25 1 MED27 2 MEF2C 1 MEGF8 2 MEIS2 0 METTL23 2 METTL5 1 MFF 0 MFSD2A 1 MFSD8 1 MGAT2 1 MICU1 1 MID1 0 MIR17HG 2 MKKS 0 MKS1 0 MLC1 0 MLYCD 1 MMAA 0 MMAB 0 MMACHC 0 MMADHC 0 MN1 2 MOCS1 1 MOCS2 0 MOGS 1 MORC2 2 MPDU1 1 MPDZ 1 MPLKIP 1 MPP5 1 MPV17 1 MRPS22 0 MRPS34 1 MSL3 1 MSMO1 1 MTFMT 0 MTHFR 0 MTHFS 1 MTO1 1 MTOR 0 MTR 1 MTRR 1 MUT 0 MVK 0 MYCN 0 MYO5A 0 MYT1L 2 NAA10 0 NAA15 1 NACC1 0 NAGA 0 NAGLU 0 NALCN 0 NANS 0 NARS 2 NBEA 1 NCAPD2 2 NCAPG2 1 NCDN 2 NCKAP1 1 NDE1 1 NDP 0 NDST1 0 NDUFA1 0 NDUFA2 1 NDUFAF1 1 NDUFS1 1 NDUFS4 1 NDUFS7 0 NDUFS8 0 NDUFV1 0 NEDD4L 1 NEMF 2 NEU1 0 NEUROD2 1 NEXMIF 1 NF1 0 NFASC 1 NFIA 0 NFIB 1 NFIX 0 NFU1 1 NGLY1 0 NHS 0 NIPBL 1 NKAP 1 NKX2-1 0 NLGN3 0 NONO 0 NOVA2 1 NPC1 0 NPC2 0 NPHP1 0 NPHP3 1 NR2F1 1 NR4A2 2 NRAS 0 NRROS 1 NRXN1 0 NSD1 0 NSD2 1 NSDHL 1 NSUN2 0 NT5C2 1 NTNG2 1 NTRK1 0 NTRK2 1 NUBPL 0 NUDT2 1 NUP188 1 NUP214 2 NUS1 1 OCLN 0 OCRL 0 ODC1 1 OFD1 0 OGT 1 OPA3 0 OPHN1 0 OSGEP 1 OTC 0 OTUD5 2 OTUD6B 0 OTX2 0 OXR1 1 P4HTM 1 PACS1 1 PACS2 1 PAFAH1B1 1 PAH 0 PAK1 1 PAK3 1 PAM16 1 PARN 0 PARP6 1 PAX6 0 PAX8 0 PBX1 0 PC 0 PCCA 0 PCCB 0 PCDH12 1 PCDH19 0 PCDHGC4 1 PCGF2 1 PCNT 0 PCYT2 1 PDE10A 1 PDE4D 0 PDE6D 1 PDGFRB 0 PDHA1 0 PDHB 1 PDHX 0 PDP1 1 PDSS1 1 PDSS2 0 PEPD 0 PET100 1 PEX1 0 PEX10 0 PEX11B 0 PEX12 0 PEX13 0 PEX14 0 PEX16 0 PEX19 0 PEX2 0 PEX26 0 PEX3 0 PEX5 0 PEX6 0 PEX7 0 PGAP1 0 PGAP2 1 PGAP3 1 PGK1 1 PGM2L1 1 PGM3 1 PHACTR1 1 PHF21A 2 PHF6 0 PHF8 1 PHGDH 0 PHIP 1 PI4KA 1 PIBF1 2 PIDD1 1 PIGA 1 PIGB 2 PIGC 1 PIGG 1 PIGH 1 PIGK 1 PIGL 1 PIGN 1 PIGO 1 PIGP 2 PIGQ 1 PIGS 1 PIGT 1 PIGU 1 PIGV 1 PIGW 0 PIK3C2A 1 PIK3CA 0 PIK3R2 1 PISD 1 PITRM1 1 PLA2G6 0 PLAA 0 PLCB1 1 PLK4 1 PLP1 0 PLPBP 1 PMM2 0 PMPCA 1 PMPCB 1 PNKP 1 PNPLA6 0 PNPT1 1 POGZ 1 POLA1 1 POLG 0 POLR1C 1 POLR2A 1 POLR3A 0 POLR3B 0 POLRMT 1 POMGNT1 0 POMGNT2 0 POMK 1 POMT1 0 POMT2 0 PORCN 0 POU3F3 1 PPIL1 1 PPM1D 1 PPP1CB 1 PPP1R12A 1 PPP1R15B 0 PPP1R21 1 PPP2CA 1 PPP2R1A 1 PPP2R5D 1 PPP3CA 0 PPT1 0 PQBP1 1 PRICKLE2 1 PRKAR1A 1 PRKAR1B 1 PRMT7 0 PRODH 0 PRPS1 0 PRR12 1 PRSS12 0 PRUNE1 1 PSAP 1 PSMD12 0 PSPH 0 PTCH1 0 PTCHD1 0 PTDSS1 0 PTEN 0 PTF1A 0 PTPN11 0 PTPN23 1 PTPN4 1 PTRHD1 1 PTS 0 PUF60 1 PUM1 1 PURA 1 PUS1 0 PUS3 1 PUS7 1 PYCR1 0 PYCR2 0 QARS 1 QDPR 0 QRICH1 1 RAB11B 1 RAB18 0 RAB23 0 RAB39B 0 RAB3GAP1 1 RAB3GAP2 0 RAC1 1 RAC3 1 RAD21 1 RAF1 0 RAI1 1 RALA 1 RALGAPA1 1 RAP1B 2 RARB 1 RARS 1 RARS2 0 RBBP8 0 RBM10 1 RELN 0 RERE 1 RFT1 1 RFX3 1 RFX4 1 RFX7 1 RHEB 1 RHOBTB2 1 RIT1 0 RLIM 1 RMND1 0 RNASEH2A 0 RNASEH2B 0 RNASEH2C 0 RNASET2 0 RNF125 0 RNF13 1 RNF220 1 RNU4ATAC 1 RNU7-1 2 ROGDI 1 ROR2 0 RORA 1 RPGRIP1L 0 RPIA 1 RPL10 1 RPS6KA3 0 RRM2B 0 RSRC1 1 RTEL1 0 RTN4IP1 1 RTTN 1 SAMD9 0 SAMHD1 0 SARS2 1 SATB1 2 SATB2 1 SBF1 1 SC5D 0 SCAF4 1 SCAMP5 2 SCAPER 1 SCN1A 1 SCN1B 1 SCN2A 0 SCN3A 1 SCN8A 0 SCO2 0 SDCCAG8 1 SDHA 0 SDHAF1 1 SEPSECS 1 SERAC1 0 SET 0 SETBP1 0 SETD1A 1 SETD1B 1 SETD2 1 SETD5 1 SFXN4 1 SGPL1 0 SGSH 1 SHANK2 0 SHANK3 1 SHH 0 SHMT2 2 SHOC2 1 SIAH1 1 SIK1 0 SIL1 1 SIN3A 0 SIN3B 1 SIX3 0 SKI 0 SLC12A2 3 SLC12A5 0 SLC12A6 0 SLC13A5 1 SLC16A2 1 SLC17A5 0 SLC18A2 1 SLC19A3 0 SLC1A1 1 SLC1A2 1 SLC1A4 1 SLC25A1 0 SLC25A12 0 SLC25A15 0 SLC25A22 0 SLC2A1 0 SLC33A1 0 SLC35A1 0 SLC35A2 0 SLC35C1 0 SLC39A14 0 SLC39A8 1 SLC46A1 1 SLC4A4 0 SLC5A6 1 SLC6A1 1 SLC6A17 0 SLC6A19 0 SLC6A3 0 SLC6A8 0 SLC6A9 1 SLC9A6 1 SLX4 0 SMAD4 0 SMARCA2 1 SMARCA4 0 SMARCA5 1 SMARCB1 0 SMARCC2 1 SMARCD1 1 SMARCE1 0 SMC1A 0 SMC3 0 SMG8 2 SMG9 1 SMOC1 1 SMPD1 1 SMPD4 1 SMS 0 SNAP25 1 SNAP29 0 SNRPB 1 SNX14 0 SNX27 1 SON 1 SOS1 1 SOS2 1 SOX10 0 SOX11 0 SOX2 1 SOX4 1 SOX5 1 SOX6 2 SOX9 0 SPART 1 SPATA5 1 SPECC1L 0 SPEN 2 SPG11 1 SPOP 1 SPR 0 SPRED1 1 SPTAN1 1 SPTBN1 1 SPTBN2 0 SPTBN4 2 SRCAP 2 SRD5A3 0 SSR4 0 ST3GAL3 0 ST3GAL5 2 STAG1 0 STAG2 1 STAMBP 1 STIL 1 STRA6 0 STRADA 1 STT3A 2 STX1B 0 STXBP1 0 SUCLA2 1 SUCLG1 0 SUFU 1 SUMF1 1 SUOX 0 SUPT16H 1 SURF1 0 SUZ12 2 SVBP 2 SYN1 0 SYNCRIP 2 SYNGAP1 1 SYNJ1 0 SYP 0 SYT1 2 SZT2 0 TAF1 1 TAF2 2 TAF6 1 TANC2 2 TANGO2 0 TAOK1 1 TASP1 1 TAT 0 TAZ 0 TBC1D20 1 TBC1D23 0 TBC1D24 0 TBCD 1 TBCE 0 TBCK 0 TBL1XR1 0 TBR1 1 TBX1 1 TCF20 1 TCF4 0 TCF7L2 2 TCN2 1 TCTN2 0 TCTN3 1 TDP2 1 TECPR2 1 TELO2 1 TENM3 1 TERT 2 TET3 1 TFE3 2 TGIF1 1 TH 0 THOC2 1 THOC6 0 THRA 0 TIMM50 1 TINF2 1 TLK2 1 TMCO1 0 TMEM106B 1 TMEM165 1 TMEM216 0 TMEM222 2 TMEM237 1 TMEM240 0 TMEM5 0 TMEM67 1 TMEM70 0 TMEM94 1 TMTC3 1 TMX2 1 TNPO2 1 TNR 1 TNRC6B 2 TOE1 1 TOGARAM1 1 TP73 1 TPP1 1 TPP2 1 TRAF7 1 TRAIP 1 TRAK1 1 TRAPPC11 1 TRAPPC12 1 TRAPPC4 1 TRAPPC6B 1 TRAPPC9 2 TREX1 0 TRIM8 1 TRIO 1 TRIP12 1 TRIT1 1 TRMT1 1 TRMT10A 1 TRNT1 1 TRPM3 1 TRRAP 1 TSC1 0 TSC2 0 TSEN15 1 TSEN2 0 TSEN54 0 TSFM 0 TSHB 0 TSPAN7 0 TSPOAP1 1 TTC19 0 TTC37 0 TTC5 2 TTC8 1 TTI2 1 TUBA1A 0 TUBB 1 TUBB2A 1 TUBB2B 0 TUBB3 0 TUBB4A 0 TUBG1 0 TUBGCP2 1 TUBGCP6 1 TUSC3 1 TWIST1 0 UBA5 0 UBE2A 1 UBE3A 0 UBE3B 1 UBE4A 1 UBR1 1 UBR7 1 UBTF 1 UFC1 1 UFM1 1 UFSP2 2 UGDH 1 UGP2 1 UMPS 1 UNC80 1 UPB1 2 UPF3B 2 USP18 1 USP7 2 USP9X 1 VAMP2 2 VARS 1 VARS2 1 VIPAS39 1 VLDLR 0 VPS11 1 VPS13B 0 VPS33B 1 VPS41 1 VPS4A 3 VPS53 0 VRK1 0 WAC 1 WARS2 1 WASF1 2 WASHC4 3 WDFY3 1 WDPCP 1 WDR11 2 WDR26 1 WDR37 1 WDR4 2 WDR45 0 WDR45B 1 WDR62 1 WDR73 0 WDR81 1 WNT1 1 WNT5A 2 WWOX 0 XPA 2 XRCC4 0 XYLT1 2 YARS 1 YIF1B 2 YWHAG 1 YY1 0 ZBTB18 0 ZBTB20 0 ZBTB24 1 ZC4H2 0 ZDHHC9 0 ZEB2 1 ZFHX4 1 ZFYVE26 0 ZIC1 1 ZIC2 0 ZMIZ1 2 ZMYM2 2 ZMYND11 1 ZNF142 1 ZNF148 1 ZNF292 2 ZNF335 1 ZNF462 2 ZNF526 1 ZNF699 1 ZNF711 1 ZSWIM6 1 AASS 1 ACADSB 1 ACAT1 1 ADAM22 1 AKAP6 1 ALDOA 1 ALX1 1 ALX3 1 ALX4 1 AP2S1 1 ARF3 2 ARHGAP31 1 ARHGAP35 1 ARNT2 1 ATP6V0A1 1 ATP9A 1 ATXN2L 1 B3GALT6 1 B9D1 1 BBIP1 1 C16orf62 1 C8orf37 1 CACNB4 1 CAPZA2 1 CCDC174 1 CCDC78 1 CD96 1 CDK16 1 CDK6 1 CDKN1C 1 CEP63 1 CEP89 1 CHRM1 1 CHST14 1 CLCN2 1 CNKSR1 1 COPB1 1 COQ2 1 COQ9 1 COX14 1 COX20 1 COX7B 1 CPE 1 CRBN 1 CTC1 1 CTNND1 1 CTNND2 1 DDOST 1 DHX32 1 DLAT 1 DPH2 1 DPP6 2 DSCAM 1 EEF1B2 1 EEF1D 1 EIF2A 1 EMG1 1 EMX2 1 EPHA7 1 ERGIC3 2 EXOC2 2 EXOSC2 1 FANCB 1 FANCD2 1 FANCG 1 FASTKD2 1 FEM1B 1 FGFR2 1 FIBP 1 FOXP4 1 FRMD4A 1 FRY 1 FTO 1 FUK 1 GBA 1 GEMIN4 1 GIGYF1 1 GMNN 1 GNAI2 1 GNAQ 1 GORAB 1 GPHN 1 GSX2 1 GTF2E2 2 HARS 2 HAX1 1 HEATR5B 1 HIST1H4J 1 HNRNPD 1 HSPA9 1 HTT 1 HYLS1 1 ICE1 1 IMPA1 1 INPP4A 1 IQSEC3 2 ITCH 1 ITFG2 2 ITGA7 1 JAKMIP1 1 KCNJ1 1 KLHL15 1 LAS1L 1 LINGO1 1 LIPT2 1 LMAN2L 1 LNPK 1 LRRC32 1 LYST 1 MAGT1 1 MMGT1 1 MRPL3 2 MSL2 1 NBN 1 NDUFA10 1 NDUFA11 1 NDUFA9 1 NDUFAF2 1 NDUFAF3 1 NDUFAF4 1 NDUFAF5 1 NDUFAF6 1 NDUFB3 1 NDUFB9 1 NDUFS2 1 NDUFS3 1 NDUFS6 1 NDUFV2 1 NECAP1 1 NHP2 1 NMNAT1 1 NR2F2 1 NSF 1 PAX1 1 PDCD6IP 1 PDE2A 1 PHC1 1 PIEZO2 1 PIGY 1 PJA1 1 PLCH1 1 PLEKHG2 1 PLOD3 1 PLXNA2 1 PPP2R5C 1 PRKACB 2 PRKD1 2 PRRT2 1 PSAT1 1 PSMB1 1 PSMC3 1 PSMC5 1 PTRH2 1 RAB11A 1 RAB14 1 RAP1GDS1 1 RIC1 1 RMRP 1 RNF113A 1 RNF2 1 RPS23 1 RSPRY1 1 RUSC2 1 SACS 1 SEC31A 1 SEMA3E 1 SEMA5A 1 SHROOM4 1 SLC2A2 1 SLC35A3 2 SLC45A1 1 SLC5A5 1 SLC9A7 1 SMARCD2 1 SNORD118 1 SNRPN 1 SOX3 2 SRRM2 1 STN1 1 TACO1 1 TAF13 1 TAF1C 1 TARS 1 TBC1D2B 2 TBC1D7 1 TGFB1 1 THRB 1 TKFC 1 TKT 2 TMEM231 1 TMLHE 1 TNIK 1 TOP2B 1 TRAPPC2L 1 TRIP13 1 TTI1 2 TUBGCP4 1 TUFM 1 U2AF2 1 UPF1 1 UQCC2 1 USP27X 1 VPS37A 1 VPS50 1 VPS51 1 WFS1 2 YAP1 1 ZBTB11 1 ZBTB16 1 ZC3H14 4 ZFHX3 2 ZNF407 2 ZNF668 1 ABCC6 2 ABCG5 1 ACOX2 1 ACTA1 1 ADA2 1 ADAMTSL2 1 ADCY5 1 ADGRB3 1 ADGRG6 2 ADRA2B 1 AFG3L2 1 AGGF1 1 AGK 1 AGL 1 AGO3 1 AGPS 1 AGT 1 AGTR2 1 AKR1C2 1 ALDOB 1 ALG2 1 ALS2 1 ANK3 1 ANKH 1 APTX 1 AR 1 ARHGEF6 1 ASMT 1 ATL1 1 ATP10A 1 ATP2A2 1 ATP2B3 1 ATP2C2 1 ATXN10 1 AVP 1 AVPR1A 1 AVPR2 1 B3GAT3 1 BDNF 1 BICD2 1 BIN1 1 BMPER 1 C19orf12 1 C3orf58 1 CA5A 1 CACNG2 1 CANT1 1 CCDC8 1 CDC6 1 CDK5R1 1 CDT1 1 CFH 1 CFHR1 1 CFHR3 1 CHRNA4 1 CISD2 1 CLCNKA 1 CLIC2 1 CLIP2 1 CLPP 1 CMAS 1 CNTN3 1 CNTN4 1 CNTN6 1 CNTNAP5 1 COA3 1 COL18A1 1 COL1A2 1 COLEC10 1 COQ5 1 CORO1A 1 COX4I2 1 COX6B1 1 CP 1 CPA6 1 CRKL 1 CRLF1 1 CRTAP 1 CTSF 1 CUBN 1 CYFIP1 1 CYP27A1 1 CYP2U1 1 DDR2 1 DISP1 1 DLGAP2 1 DLK1 2 DNAJA1 1 DNAJC3 1 DNAJC6 1 DOCK4 1 DOK7 1 DPM3 1 DPP10 1 DSCR3 1 DSE 1 DTYMK 1 DUOXA2 1 DYNC2H1 1 EDC3 1 EDNRB 1 EFNB1 1 EFNB2 1 EIF2AK1 1 EIF2B1 1 EIF2B2 1 EIF2B3 1 EIF2B4 1 EIF2B5 1 ELMOD1 1 EOGT 1 EOMES 1 EPB41L1 1 EPM2A 1 ERCC4 1 ERF 1 ERMARD 1 ETS1 1 EVC 1 EVC2 1 FA2H 1 FAAH2 1 FAM160B1 1 FBLN5 1 FBN1 1 FDXR 1 FGF3 1 FLNB 1 FLVCR1 1 FTL 1 FZD3 1 G6PC3 1 GABRG1 1 GAN 1 GATA1 1 GBA2 1 GBE1 1 GCK 1 GCSH 1 GHR 1 GJA1 1 GJB1 1 GLRA1 1 GLUD1 1 GNA14 1 GOSR2 1 GPSM2 1 GRPR 1 GSPT2 1 GTF2I 1 GTF2IRD1 1 GYS2 1 H19 1 HADH 1 HAL 1 HARS2 1 HOXD10 1 IFT140 1 IGBP1 1 IGF2 1 IMMP2L 1 INS 1 INSR 1 INTS8 1 IRX5 1 IYD 1 JAG1 1 JPH3 1 KANK1 1 KATNAL2 1 KCNC3 1 KCND3 1 KCTD13 1 KIF16B 1 KIF1B 1 KIF21A 1 KIF4A 1 KIRREL3 1 KLF8 1 KLLN 1 KYNU 1 LBR 1 LGI4 1 LHX3 1 LMNA 1 LRP5 1 LSM1 1 LSM11 2 MACROD2 1 MAP4K4 2 MARS2 2 MCM4 1 MEPCE 1 MET 1 METAP1 1 MFN2 1 MGME1 1 MGP 1 MID2 1 MLH1 1 MNX1 1 MPI 1 MPZ 1 MRAP 1 MRPS16 1 MSH6 1 MTM1 1 MTMR2 1 MTPAP 1 MYH3 1 MYMK 1 MYO7A 1 MYT1 1 NAGS 1 NDN 1 NEGR1 1 NGF 1 NHEJ1 1 NHLRC1 1 NIN 1 NLGN1 1 NLGN4X 1 NOP10 1 NOTCH3 1 NRXN2 1 NTNG1 1 NUP62 1 ORC1 1 ORC4 1 ORC6 1 OTUD7A 2 PANK2 1 PAX2 1 PAX3 1 PAX7 1 PCBD1 1 PCDH10 1 PCDH15 1 PCDH9 1 PCLO 1 PDE11A 1 PDGFB 1 PHKA2 1 PHKG2 1 PIGF 2 PIK3R1 1 PINK1 1 PIP5K1B 1 PNP 1 POC1A 1 POLD1 1 POLD2 1 PON3 1 POP1 1 POU1F1 1 PPM1K 1 PPOX 1 PRDM8 1 PREPL 1 PRF1 1 PRICKLE1 1 PRKDC 1 PRKN 1 PRKRA 1 PRRX1 1 PRX 1 PYGL 1 RAB27A 1 RAB40AL 1 RALGAPB 1 RANBP2 1 RAPSN 1 RASA1 2 RAX 1 RBFOX1 1 RBL2 1 RBM28 1 RBM8A 1 RBPJ 1 RECQL4 1 RET 1 RFX6 1 RIMS1 1 RIN2 1 RING1 1 RNF135 2 RPL11 1 RPS19 1 RPS28 1 RUBCN 1 SALL1 1 SAMD9L 1 SBDS 1 SCN11A 1 SCN9A 1 SCO1 1 SECISBP2 1 SELENOI 1 SELENON 1 SF3B4 1 SGCA 1 SH3TC2 1 SHANK1 1 SLC12A1 1 SLC19A2 1 SLC1A3 1 SLC20A2 1 SLC22A5 1 SLC25A13 1 SLC25A19 1 SLC25A20 1 SLC25A24 1 SLC25A4 2 SLC29A3 1 SLC2A10 1 SLC39A4 1 SLC44A1 2 SLC5A2 1 SLC6A4 1 SLC7A7 1 SLC9A9 1 SMCHD1 1 SMG6 1 SNIP1 1 SNRPA 1 SNRPE 2 SOBP 1 SOST 1 SP7 1 SPAST 1 SPEG 1 SPG7 2 SPINK5 1 SPRTN 1 SPTLC1 1 SRPX2 1 ST7 1 STAC3 1 STAT5B 1 STK3 1 STT3B 1 STX11 1 SYT14 1 TAF8 1 TDGF1 2 TECR 1 TFAP2A 1 TFAP2B 1 TFG 1 TG 1 TGFBR1 1 TGFBR2 1 THAP1 1 TIMM8A 1 TMEM260 1 TP63 1 TPH2 1 TPK1 1 TRAPPC6A 1 TREM2 1 TRHR 1 TRIM32 1 TRIM37 1 TSEN34 1 TSHR 1 TTC21B 1 TTR 1 TUBA8 1 TWNK 1 TXNL4A 1 UBE2U 1 UBR4 2 UCHL1 1 UGT1A1 1 UNC13A 1 UNC13D 1 UQCRB 1 UQCRC2 1 UQCRQ 1 UROC1 1 VAMP1 1 VANGL1 1 VPS45 1 WASHC5 1 WDR13 1 WDR19 1 WDR34 1 WIPI2 1 WRAP53 1 XIST 1 XPNPEP3 1 ZCCHC12 1 ZDHHC15 1 ZFP57 1 ZMYM3 1 ZNF41 1 ZNF423 1 ZNF507 1 ZNF674 1 ZNF804A 1 ZNF81 2 ZNHIT6 1 DIP2B 2 DMPK 2 Add a gene STRs in panel DM1 1 FRAXE 1 FRA12A 1 Add a STR Regions in panel Add a Region Intellectual disability syndromic and non-syndromic Gene: HMGB1 Green List (high evidence) You reviewed HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh38): ENSG00000189403 EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh37): ENSG00000189403 OMIM: 163905, Gene2Phenotype HMGB1 is in 3 panels Reviews (1) Details History Review feedback Review gene Rating: Rating Mode of Inheritance: Mode of Inheritance Mode of pathogenicity: Mode of pathogenicity Publications (PMID: 1234; 4321): Publications (PMID: 1234; 4321) Phenotypes (separate using a semi-colon -; ): Phenotypes (separate using a semi-colon -; ) Current diagnostic: Current diagnostic Comments: Comments 1 review Your review Chirag Patel (Genetic Health Queensland) Green List (high evidence) 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome is a rare cause of syndromic ID. Previous studies identified four genes within the ~300 Kb minimal critical region including two candidate protein coding genes: KATNAL1 and HMGB1. Uguen et al. (2021) report 6 patients with LOF variants involving HMGB1 with features similar to 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome (i.e. developmental delay, language delay, microcephaly, obesity and dysmorphic features). In silico analyses suggest that HMGB1 is likely to be intolerant to LOF, and previous in vitro data are in line with the role of HMGB1 in neurodevelopment. They suggest that haploinsufficiency of the HMGB1 gene may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome. Sources: Literature Created: 17 Sep 2021, 4:56 a.m. Mode of inheritance MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Phenotypes Developmental delay and microcephaly, no OMIM # Review for gene: HMGB1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome is a rare cause of syndromic ID. Previous studies identified four genes within the ~300 Kb minimal critical region including two candidate protein coding genes: KATNAL1 and HMGB1. Uguen et al. (2021) report 6 patients with LOF variants involving HMGB1 with features similar to 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome (i.e. developmental delay, language delay, microcephaly, obesity and dysmorphic features). In silico analyses suggest that HMGB1 is likely to be intolerant to LOF, and previous in vitro data are in line with the role of HMGB1 in neurodevelopment. They suggest that haploinsufficiency of the HMGB1 gene may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.46 | TAF2 | Chirag Patel reviewed gene: TAF2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 34474177; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 40, OMIM # 615599; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.40 | BRD4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BRD4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29379197, 30302754, 11997514, 34035299; Phenotypes: Cornelia de Lange syndrome; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.36 | TNPO2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TNPO2 was added gene: TNPO2 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TNPO2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: TNPO2 were set to 34314705 Phenotypes for gene: TNPO2 were set to Intellectual disability, neurologic deficits and dysmorphic features Mode of pathogenicity for gene: TNPO2 was set to Other Review for gene: TNPO2 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 34314705 - all de novo missense variants with intellectual disability (9/9), speech impairment (15/15), motor impairment (15/15), ophthalmologic abnormalities (10/15), muscle tone abnormalities (11/15, primarily hypotonia), seizures (6/15, febrile to non-febrile), microcephaly (5/15) and MRI anomalies (7/13, 3/13 had cerebellar hypoplasia/dysplasia). Null fly model was homozygous lethal, no obvious phenotypes in heterozygotes. Upregulated gene expression also resulted in lethality. Overexpression of some human variants in fly models resulted in "toxicity" and phenotypic defects, authors speculate two variants are GOF, 1 variant is LOF. gnomAD: minimal PTCs present Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.28 | KMT2E |
Elena Savva gene: KMT2E was added gene: KMT2E was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KMT2E was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: KMT2E were set to PMID: 31079897; 33111303 Phenotypes for gene: KMT2E were set to O'Donnell-Luria-Rodan syndrome MIM#618512 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: KMT2E was set to Other Review for gene: KMT2E was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 31079897: microcephaly was reported in 2/3 patients with de novo missense variants PMID: 33111303: also reports patients with missense variants and microcephaly Potentially alternative mechanism due to the more severe presentation Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.26 | PPP2R1A |
Elena Savva gene: PPP2R1A was added gene: PPP2R1A was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PPP2R1A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: PPP2R1A were set to PMID: 33106617; 26168268 Phenotypes for gene: PPP2R1A were set to Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 36 MIM#616362 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: PPP2R1A was set to Other Review for gene: PPP2R1A was set to GREEN gene: PPP2R1A was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Likely dominant negative. For some variants, binding assays using HEK293T cells transfected with either WT or mutant constructs demonstrated decreased binding to B subunit families or C subunit with corresponding decrease in PP2A activity by affecting the trimeric holoenzyme (hypothesized by authors) ((PMIDs: 26168268, 33106617). 11/29 patients were macrocephalic, conversely 7/29 patients were microcephalic. All variants were in the same region and all were missense. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.19 | MCM7 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MCM7 was added gene: MCM7 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MCM7 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MCM7 were set to 33654309; 34059554 Phenotypes for gene: MCM7 were set to Meier-Gorlin syndrome; Microcephaly; Intellectual disability; Lipodystrophy; Adrenal insufficiency Review for gene: MCM7 was set to AMBER Added comment: MCM7 is a component of the MCM complex, a DNA helicase which is essential for DNA replication. Other components have been linked to disease with phenotypes including microcephaly and ID. MCM7 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM or G2P at present. ------ Currently there are 3 unrelated pedigrees in literature with different biallelic MCM7 variants associated with disease (see below). Although there is some functional data in support of variant-level deleteriousness or gene-level pathogenicity, the clinical gestalt is very different between the 3 families. - PMID: 33654309 (2021) - Two unrelated individuals with different compound het variants in MCM7 but disparate clinical features. One patient had typical Meier-Gorlin syndrome (including growth retardation, microcephaly, congenital lung emphysema, absent breast development, microtia, facial dysmorphism) whereas the second case had a multi-system disorder with neonatal progeroid appearance, lipodystrophy and adrenal insufficiency. While small at birth, the second patient did not demonstrate reduced stature or microcephaly at age 14.5 years. Both individuals had normal neurodevelopment. Functional studies using patient-derived fibroblasts demonstrate that the identified MCM7 variants were deleterious at either transcript or protein levels and through interfering with MCM complex formation, impact efficiency of S phase progression. - PMID: 34059554 (2021) - Homozygous missense variant identified in three affected individuals from a consanguineous family with severe primary microcephaly, severe ID and behavioural abnormalities. Knockdown of Mcm7 in mouse neuroblastoma cells lead to reduced cell viability and proliferation with increased apoptosis, which were rescued by overexpression of wild-type but not mutant MCM7. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v1.4 | VPS4A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: VPS4A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: ; Phenotypes: CIMDAG syndrome MIM# 619273; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v1.1 | DDX11 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DDX11: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20137776, 23033317, 30216658; Phenotypes: Warsaw breakage syndrome, MIM# 613398, MONDO:0013252; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.636 | TTC5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TTC5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with cerebral atrophy and variable facial dysmorphism , MIM#619244; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.629 | WDR62 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WDR62: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20890279, 20729831, 20890278, 21496009, 21834044, 22775483, 32677750, 31788460; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 2, primary, autosomal recessive, with or without cortical malformations, MIM# 604317; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.626 | TRMT10A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRMT10A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24204302, 25053765, 33448213, 33067246, 26535115, 26526202, 26297882; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism 1, MIM# 616033; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.623 | TRAIP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRAIP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26595769; Phenotypes: Seckel syndrome 9, MIM# 616777; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.620 | TOP3A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TOP3A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30057030, 33631320; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, growth restriction, and increased sister chromatid exchange 2, MIM# 618097; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.617 | STIL | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: STIL: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19215732, 22989186, 25218063, 33132204, 32677750, 29230157; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 7, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 612703, MONDO_0012989; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.614 | STAMBP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: STAMBP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23542699, 31638258, 29907875, 27531570, 25692795, 25266620; Phenotypes: Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome, MIM# 614261, MONDO:0013659; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.612 | SLC9A6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC9A6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, X-linked syndromic, Christianson type, MIM# 300243; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.608 | SLC25A19 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC25A19: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 12185364; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, Amish type, MIM# 607196; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.605 | RTTN | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RTTN: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22939636, 26608784, 26940245, 30121372, 29967526, 30927481, 30121372; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, short stature, and polymicrogyria with seizures, MIM# 614833; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.602 | RBBP8 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RBBP8: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Jawad syndrome, MIM# 251255, Seckel syndrome 2, MIM# 606744; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.600 | PQBP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PQBP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Renpenning syndrome, MIM# 309500; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.596 | PNKP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PNKP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20118933, 23224214, 32980744, 31707899; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, seizures, and developmental delay, MIM# 613402; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.593 | PCNT | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PCNT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 18174396, 12210304, 30922925, 33460028, 32557621, 32267100; Phenotypes: Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type II, MIM# 210720, MONDO:0008872; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.591 | ORC6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ORC6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Meier-Gorlin syndrome 3, MIM# 613803; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.589 | ORC4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ORC4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Meier-Gorlin syndrome 2, MIM# 613800, MONDO:0013428; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.587 | ORC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ORC1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Meier-Gorlin syndrome 1, MIM# 224690; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.583 | NHEJ1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NHEJ1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30898087, 30666249, 28741180, 25288157, 24511403, 21721379, 21535335; Phenotypes: Severe combined immunodeficiency with microcephaly, growth retardation, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation, MIM# 611291; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.579 | NDE1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NDE1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21529752, 21529751, 30637988, 15473967; Phenotypes: Lissencephaly 4 (with microcephaly), MIM# 614019, Microhydranencephaly, MIM# 605013; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.576 | NBN | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NBN: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Nijmegen breakage syndrome, MIM# 251260; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.573 | MSMO1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MSMO1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21285510, 24144731, 28673550, 33161406; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, congenital cataract, and psoriasiform dermatitis, MIM# 616834; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.569 | MCPH1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MCPH1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 12046007, 15199523, 16311745, 20978018, 32294449, 30351297, 29026105; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 1, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 251200; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.565 | LIG4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LIG4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 11779494, 16088910, 15333585, 16357942, 32534991, 32471509; Phenotypes: LIG4 syndrome, MIM# 606593; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.562 | LARP7 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LARP7: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22865833, 21937992, 30006060, 33569879; Phenotypes: Alazami syndrome, MIM# 615071, Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Alazami type MONDO:0014031; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.559 | KNL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KNL1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22983954, 26626498, 27149178, 30304678, 27784895; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 4, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 604321; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.556 | KIF11 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KIF11: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22284827, 25115524, 25124931, 27212378, 32730767, 31993640, 25996076; Phenotypes: Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema, or mental retardation, MIM# 152950, MONDO:0007918; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.553 | IER3IP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IER3IP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21835305, 22991235, 24138066, 28711742; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, epilepsy, and diabetes syndrome, MIM# 614231; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.549 | EFTUD2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EFTUD2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22305528, 23188108, 33601405, 33262786, 26507355; Phenotypes: Mandibulofacial dysostosis, Guion-Almeida type, MIM# 610536, Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome MONDO:0012516; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.546 | CEP152 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CEP152: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20598275, 22775483, 21131973, 23199753; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 9, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 614852, MONDO:0013923, Seckel syndrome 5, MIM# 613823, MONDO:0013443; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.541 | CENPJ | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CENPJ: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 15793586, 16900296, 2097801822775483, 20522431, 32677750, 32549991, 30626697; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 6, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 608393, MONDO:0012029, Seckel syndrome 4, MIM# 613676, MONDO:0013358; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.538 | CDT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CDT1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21358632, 21358631, 33338304, 22333897; Phenotypes: Meier-Gorlin syndrome 4, MIM# 613804; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.534 | DYRK1A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DYRK1A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21294719, 23160955, 23099646, 33159716; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 7, MIM# 614104, MONDO:0013578; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.531 | CDK5RAP2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CDK5RAP2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 15793586, 22887808, 23995685, 23726037, 27761245, 20460369, 32677750, 32015000; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 3, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 604804; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.527 | DONSON | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DONSON: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28191891, 28630177, 28191891]; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, short stature, and limb abnormalities, MIM# 617604, Microcephaly-micromelia syndrome, MIM# 251230; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.525 | ATRX | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ATRX: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Mental retardation-hypotonic facies syndrome, X-linked, MIM# 309580, Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, MIM# 301040; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.522 | LMNB2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LMNB2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 27, primary, autosomal dominant, MIM# 619180; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.514 | YIF1B | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: YIF1B were changed from Central hypotonia; Failure to thrive; Microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Spasticity; Abnormality of movement to Kaya-Barakat-Masson syndrome, MIM# 619125; Central hypotonia; Failure to thrive; Microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Spasticity; Abnormality of movement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.513 | YIF1B | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: YIF1B: Changed phenotypes: Kaya-Barakat-Masson syndrome, MIM# 619125, Central hypotonia, Failure to thrive, Microcephaly, Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Seizures, Spasticity, Abnormality of movement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.513 | SHMT2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SHMT2 were changed from Congenital microcephaly; Infantile axial hypotonia; Spastic paraparesis; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Abnormal cortical gyration; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Abnormality of the face; Proximal placement of thumb; 2-3 toe syndactyly to Neurodevelopmental disorder with cardiomyopathy, spasticity, and brain abnormalities (NEDCASB), MIM#619121; Congenital microcephaly; Infantile axial hypotonia; Spastic paraparesis; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Abnormal cortical gyration; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Abnormality of the face; Proximal placement of thumb; 2-3 toe syndactyly | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.512 | SHMT2 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SHMT2: Changed phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with cardiomyopathy, spasticity, and brain abnormalities (NEDCASB), MIM#619121, Congenital microcephaly, Infantile axial hypotonia, Spastic paraparesis, Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Abnormality of the corpus callosum, Abnormal cortical gyration, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Abnormality of the face, Proximal placement of thumb, 2-3 toe syndactyly | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.508 | VPS4A | Elena Savva Added comment: Comment on mode of pathogenicity: Dominant negative | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.508 | VPS4A | Elena Savva Mode of pathogenicity for gene: VPS4A was changed from None to Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.504 | MINPP1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MINPP1 was added gene: MINPP1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MINPP1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MINPP1 were set to 33257696 Phenotypes for gene: MINPP1 were set to Pontocerebellar hypoplasia Review for gene: MINPP1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 8 individuals from 6 unrelated families reported with bi-allelic LOF variants. All presented with almost complete absence of motor and cognitive development, progressive or congenital microcephaly, spastic tetraplegia or dystonia, and vision impairments. For most, the first symptoms included neonatal severe axial hypotonia and epilepsy that started during the first months or years of life. Prenatal symptoms of microcephaly associated with increased thalami echogenicity were detected in one, while the seven other individuals presented with progressive microcephaly. Some exhibited rapidly progressive phenotype and the affected children died in their infancy or middle-childhood. Strikingly, all the affected children had a unique brain MRI showing a mild to severe PCH, fluid-filled posterior fossa, with dilated lateral ventricles. In addition, severe atrophy at the level of the basal ganglia or thalami often associated with typical T2 hypersignal were identified in all the patients MRI. Supportive functional data showing accumulation of highly phosphorylated inositols, mostly inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), detected in HEK293 cells, fibroblasts, iPSCs and differentiating neurons lacking MINPP1. In mutant cells, higher IP6 level is expected to be associated with an increased chelation of intracellular cations, such as iron or calcium, resulting in decreased levels of available ions. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.495 | UNC80 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: UNC80: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Hypotonia, infantile, with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies 2, MIM# 616801, MONDO:0014777; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.491 | ZEB2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ZEB2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29300384; Phenotypes: Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MIM#235730); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.489 | LMNB2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: LMNB2 was added gene: LMNB2 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: LMNB2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: LMNB2 were set to 33033404 Phenotypes for gene: LMNB2 were set to Congenital microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability Penetrance for gene: LMNB2 were set to Complete Mode of pathogenicity for gene: LMNB2 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: LMNB2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Parry et al (2020 - PMID: 33033404) in a study to identify novel microcephaly genes using the DDD and 100k genomes project (100kGP) patient cohort, report on the phenotype of 13 individuals with heterozygous variant in LMNB1 (N=7) and LMNB2 (N=6). LMNB1 : The authors identified 3 recurrent variants (c.97A>G - p.Lys33Glu (3), c.97_99del - p.Lys33del (2) , c.269G>C - p.Arg90Pro (2) / NM_005573.4) in seven individuals (3 from the DDD study, 4 from the 100kGP). In all cases were segregation studies were possible, the variant had occurred as a de novo event. LMNB2 : 4 individuals from the DDD cohort and 1 from the 100kGP were found to harbor the same missense SNV (NM_032737.4:c.1192G>A, p.Glu398Lys). The variant had occurred de novo in 3 subjects and was inherited from a mosaic - unaffected - parent in a further case. Another individual was found to harbor c.160A>C - p.Asn54His. LMNB1/2 common phenotypes : All cases had congenital microcephaly (OFC -5.85 +/- 1.14 SD) apart from one individual, without history of IUGR or postnatally abnormal height (the latter in most). Neuroimaging suggested structurally normal brain without abnormal migration. Gyral simplification / global reduction in white matter / increased extra axial spaces / enlarged ventricles were reported in 2. LMNB1 - Global developmental delay was a feature in all (mild to severe) with some having occasional words at 7y (P3), absent speech (P9 - age category 5-10y) or ID not further specified (P13). LMNB2 - DD was a feature in all 6 subjects (5/6 moderate to severe - 1/6 GDD). 5/6 were 10y or older with language (in 3 language not achieved) and motor deficits (walking not achieved in 1/6 - occurred at the age of 6y in 1/6). Facial features were not consistent nor suggestive of a syndromic diagnosis (sloping forehead in some). Overall, as the authors comment, the phenotype corresponded to a severe nonsyndromic microcephaly (although additional features were reported in some). Animal model: Microcephaly is supported by Lmnb1 ko mouse model. Lmnb1/2 ko mice however display migration defects, while Lmnb2 ko mice do not have reduced size at birth. Heterozygous Lmnb1 mice do not present microcephaly. It is suggested that while animal models support a similar (to the human) phenotype the underlying mechanism is different. Variant effect : variants were shown to affect highly conserved residues within the lamin a-helical rod-domain. As affected residues are conserved in LMNA, modelling with available LMNA PDB structures, suggested disrupted interactions required for higher-order assembly of lamin filaments. Recurrence of specific variants at specific residues, absence of pLoF ones, the htz mouse Lmnb1 phenotype (absence of microcephaly) and the proposed mechanism (perturbation of complex formation) suggest a gain-of-function/dominant-negative effect rather than happloinsufficiency. [Please also note the additional OMIM phenotypes for LMNB1 / LMNB2 - not here reviewed] Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.489 | LMNB1 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: LMNB1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments; Publications: 33033404; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.487 | SHMT2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SHMT2 was added gene: SHMT2 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SHMT2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SHMT2 were set to 33015733 Phenotypes for gene: SHMT2 were set to Congenital microcephaly; Infantile axial hypotonia; Spastic paraparesis; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Abnormal cortical gyration; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Abnormality of the face; Proximal placement of thumb; 2-3 toe syndactyly Review for gene: SHMT2 was set to GREEN Added comment: García‑Cazorla et al. (2020 - PMID: 33015733) report 5 individuals (from 4 families) with a novel brain and heart developmental syndrome caused by biallelic SHMT2 pathogenic variants. All affected subjects presented similar phenotype incl. microcephaly at birth (5/5 with OFC < -2 SD though in 2/5 cases N OFC was observed later), DD and ID (1/5 mild-moderate, 1/5 moderate, 3/5 severe), motor dysfunction in the form of spastic (5/5) paraparesis, ataxia/dysmetria (3/4), intention tremor (in 3/?) and/or peripheral neuropathy (2 sibs). They exhibited corpus callosum hypoplasia (5/5) and perisylvian microgyria-like pattern (4/5). Cardiac problems were reported in all, with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 4/5 (from 3 families) and atrial-SD in the 5th individual (1/5). Common dysmorphic features incl. long palpebral/fissures, eversion of lateral third of lower eylids, arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, thin upper lip, short Vth finger, fetal pads, mild 2-3 toe syndactyly, proximally placed thumbs. Biallelic variants were identified following exome sequencing in all (other investigations not mentioned). Identified variants were in all cases missense SNVs or in-frame del, which together with evidence from population databases and mouse model might suggest a hypomorphic effect of variants and intolerance/embryonic lethality for homozygous LoF ones. SHMT2 encodes the mitohondrial form of serine hydroxymethyltransferase. The enzyme transfers one-carbon units from serine to tetrahydrofolate (THF) and generates glycine and 5,10,methylene-THF. Mitochondrial defect was suggested by presence of ragged red fibers in myocardial biopsy of one patient. Quadriceps and myocardial biopsies of the same individual were overall suggestive of myopathic changes. While plasma metabolites were within N range and SHMT2 protein levels not significantly altered in patient fibroblasts, the authors provide evidence for impaired enzymatic function eg. presence of the SHMT2 substrate (THF) in patient but not control (mitochondria-enriched) fibroblasts , decrease in glycine/serine ratios, impared folate metabolism. Patient fibroblasts displayed impaired oxidative capacity (reduced ATP levels in a medium without glucose, diminished oxygen consumption rates). Mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS levels were also suggestive of redox malfunction. Shmt2 ko in mice was previously shown to be embryonically lethal attributed to severe mitochondrial respiration defects, although there was no observed brain metabolic defect. The authors performed Shmt2 knockdown in motoneurons in Drosophila, demonstrating neuromuscular junction (# of satellite boutons) and motility defects (climbing distance/velocity). Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.482 | LMNB1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: LMNB1 was added gene: LMNB1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: LMNB1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: LMNB1 were set to 32910914 Phenotypes for gene: LMNB1 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Short stature; Seizures; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Cortical gyral simplification; Feeding difficulties; Scoliosis Mode of pathogenicity for gene: LMNB1 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: LMNB1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Cristofoli et al (2020 - PMID: 32910914) report 7 individuals (from 5 families) harboring mostly de novo LMNB1 variants. The common phenotype consisted of primary microcephaly (7/7 ranging from -4.4 to -10 SD), DD/ID (7/7), relative short stature in most (+0.7 to -4 SD). Additional features included brain MRI abnormalities (abnormal CC in 3, simplified gyral pattern in 3, small structurally normal brain, etc), seizures (4 individuals from 2 families), limb spasticity (1/7), cortical visual impairment (in 3), feeding difficulties (5/7), scoliosis (4/7). Non-overlapping dysmorphic features were reported in some. Variants were identified by WES or custom-designed gene panel and included 3 missense variants, 1 in-frame deletion and a splice variant. The in-frame deletion was inherited from a similarly affected parent in whom the variant occurred as a dn event. The splice SNV(NM_005573.3:c.939+1G>A) occurred in 3 sibs and was present as mosaic variant (15%) in the parent. This variant was predicted to result to extension of exon 5 by 6 amino-acids (samples were unavailable for mRNA studies). LMNB1 encodes a B-type lamin (the other being encoded by LMNB2). A- and B- type lamins are major components of the nuclear lamina. As the authors comment, LMNB1 is expressed in almost all cell types beginning at the earliest stages of development. Lamin-deficient mouse models support an essential role of B-type lamins in organogenesis, neuronal migration, patterning during brain development. Functional studies performed, demonstrated impaired formation of LMNB1 nuclear lamina in LMNB1-null HeLa cells transfected with cDNAs for 3 missense variants. Two variants (Lys33Glu/Arg42Trp) were shown to result in decreased nuclear localization with increased abundance in the cytosolic fraction. In patient derived LCLs these variants led to abnormal nuclear morphology. A missense variant in another domain (Ala152Gly - 1st coil domain) resulted also in lower abundance of lamin B1, irregular lamin A/C nuclear lamina, as well as more condensed nuclei (HeLa cells). LMNB1 duplications or missense mutations increasing LMNB1 expression are associated with a different presentation of AD leuodystrophy. A variant previously associated with leukodystrophy (Arg29Trp) was shown to behave differently (present in the nuclear extract but not in the cytosol, lamin B1 to A/C ratio in nuclear extract was not significantly altered compared to wt as was the case for Arg42Trp, Lys33Glu). Given the pLI score of 0.55 as well as the phenotype of individuals with deletions (not presenting microcephaly) the authors predict that a dominant-negative effect applies (rather than haploinsufficiency). Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.481 | SVBP |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: 5 unrelated families with homozygous mutations in SVBP. The mutations segregated with the disorder in all families. In vitro functional cellular expression studies showed that protein levels of the SVBP mutants were barely detectable, suggesting instability, and that the mutant proteins had lost VASH/SVBP catalytic detyrosination activity toward tubulin. Knockdown of about 50% Svbp expression using shRNA in rat hippocampal neurons impaired the formation of excitatory synapses compared to controls. Sources: Literature; to: 5 unrelated families with homozygous mutations in SVBP. Some shared the same founder variant, p.Q28*. The mutations segregated with the disorder in all families. In vitro functional cellular expression studies showed that protein levels of the SVBP mutants were barely detectable, suggesting instability, and that the mutant proteins had lost VASH/SVBP catalytic detyrosination activity toward tubulin. Knockdown of about 50% Svbp expression using shRNA in rat hippocampal neurons impaired the formation of excitatory synapses compared to controls. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.476 | CASK | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CASK: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21954287, 19165920, 21735175; Phenotypes: Mental retardation and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, MIM# 300749; Mode of inheritance: Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.473 | ATR | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ATR: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 12640452, 19620979, 30199583, 23111928; Phenotypes: Seckel syndrome 1, MIM# 210600; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.473 | UBE3A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: UBE3A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Angelman syndrome MIM#105830; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, maternally imprinted (paternal allele expressed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.472 | DPM1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DPM1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Ie 608799; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.469 | FOXG1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FOXG1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21441262, 19564653, 19578037; Phenotypes: Rett syndrome, congenital variant, MIM# 613454; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.465 | FDXR | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FDXR: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30250212; Phenotypes: Auditory neuropathy and optic atrophy, MIM# 617717; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.462 | EIF2S3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EIF2S3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23063529, 27333055, 28055140, 32799315; Phenotypes: MEHMO syndrome, MIM# 300148; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.458 | TRIP13 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRIP13: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28553959; Phenotypes: Mosaic variegated aneuploidy syndrome 3, MIM# 617598; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.455 | TRAPPC6B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRAPPC6B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28626029, 28397838, 31687267; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and brain atrophy, MIM# 617862; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.455 | TRAPPC12 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC12 were changed from to Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, MIM# 617669 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.452 | TRAPPC12 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRAPPC12: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32369837, 28777934; Phenotypes: Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, MIM# 617669; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.449 | TPRKB | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TPRKB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28805828, 30053862; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 5, MIM# 617731; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.446 | TP53RK | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TP53RK: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28805828, 30053862; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 4, MIM# 617730; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.443 | TCF4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TCF4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 18728071, 22934316; Phenotypes: Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, MIM# 610954; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.440 | TBC1D20 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TBC1D20: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24239381; Phenotypes: Warburg micro syndrome 4, MIM# 615663; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.432 | STAG1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: STAG1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28119487; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 47, MIM# 617635; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.424 | SLC2A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC2A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, MIM# 606777; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.421 | SLC1A4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC1A4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25930971, 26138499, 26041762, 27193218, 29989513; Phenotypes: Spastic tetraplegia, thin corpus callosum, and progressive microcephaly, MIM# 616657; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.421 | RUSC2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RUSC2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27612186; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 61, MIM# 617773; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.414 | RARS2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RARS2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 17847012, 20635367, 25809939; Phenotypes: Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, type 6, MIM# 611523; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.409 | RAB3GAP2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RAB3GAP2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23420520, 20967465; Phenotypes: Warburg micro syndrome 2, MIM# 614225; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.406 | RAB3GAP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RAB3GAP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 15696165, 20512159, 23420520; Phenotypes: Warburg micro syndrome 1, MIM# 600118; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.403 | RAB18 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RAB18: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 11237903, 23420520; Phenotypes: Warburg micro syndrome 3, MIM# 614222; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.400 | PUF60 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PUF60: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28327570; Phenotypes: Verheij syndrome, MIM# 615583; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.400 | PTPN23 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: PTPN23 were changed from to Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity, MIM# 618890 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.397 | PTPN23 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PTPN23: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31395947, 29899372, 29090338, 27848944, 25558065; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity, MIM# 618890; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.396 | PRUNE1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PRUNE1 was added gene: PRUNE1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PRUNE1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PRUNE1 were set to 26539891; 28334956 Phenotypes for gene: PRUNE1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and variable brain anomalies , MIM#617481 Review for gene: PRUNE1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 8 unrelated families reported with an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorder characterised by global developmental delay apparent from infancy and profound intellectual disability. Affected individuals have microcephaly with accompanying dysmorphic features, truncal hypotonia, peripheral spasticity, and lack of independent ambulation or speech acquisition. Brain imaging shows variable abnormalities, including cortical atrophy, thin corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia, and delayed myelination Sources: Expert list |
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| Microcephaly v0.391 | PPP1R15B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PPP1R15B: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26159176, 26307080, 27640355; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism 2, MIM# 616817; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.389 | POMT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: POMT1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A, 1, MIM# 236670; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.386 | POGZ | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: POGZ: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26942287; Phenotypes: White-Sutton syndrome, MIM# 616364; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.384 | POC1A |
Zornitza Stark gene: POC1A was added gene: POC1A was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: POC1A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: POC1A were set to 22840364; 22840363; 26374189; 26162852; 26791357 Added comment: SOFT syndrome is characterized by severely short long bones, peculiar facies associated with paucity of hair, and nail anomalies. Growth retardation is evident on prenatal ultrasound as early as the second trimester of pregnancy, and affected individuals reach a final stature consistent with a height age of 6 years to 8 years. Relative macrocephaly is present during early childhood but head circumference is markedly low by adulthood. Over 5 unrelated families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Microcephaly v0.377 | PIGH | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PIGH: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29573052; Phenotypes: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defect 17, MIM# 618010; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.371 | PCYT2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PCYT2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31637422; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 82, autosomal recessive 618770; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.366 | CTU2 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: CTU2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26633546; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, renal agenesis, and ambiguous genitalia syndrome (MIM#618142); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.362 | PCGF2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PCGF2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30343942; Phenotypes: Turnpenny-Fry syndrome, MIM# 618371; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.359 | PCDH12 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PCDH12: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27164683, 30178464; Phenotypes: Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia syndrome 1, MIM# 251280; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.355 | TRIT1 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: TRIT1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32088416, 24901367, 28185376, 30977854; Phenotypes: Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 35 MIM#617873; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.335 | TSEN2 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: TSEN2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23562994, 20952379, 27392077; Phenotypes: Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2B (MIM#612389); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.328 | TSEN54 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: TSEN54: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20952379, 20301773; Phenotypes: Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2A (MIM#277470) and type 4 (MIM#225753); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.328 | CTCF | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: CTCF: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23746550, 30893510, 28619046; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 21 (MIM#615502); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.327 | CLTC | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: CLTC: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31776469; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 56 (MIM#617854); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.303 | CIT | Zornitza Stark Marked gene: CIT as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.303 | CIT | Zornitza Stark Gene: cit has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.303 | CIT | Zornitza Stark Classified gene: CIT as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.303 | CIT | Zornitza Stark Gene: cit has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.291 | TUBB2B | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: TUBB2B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19465910, 22333901; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 7 MIM#610031; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | UBA5 |
Paul De Fazio gene: UBA5 was added gene: UBA5 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UBA5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UBA5 were set to 27545674; 27545681 Phenotypes for gene: UBA5 were set to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 44 (MIM#617132) Review for gene: UBA5 was set to GREEN gene: UBA5 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID 27545674: 8 patients from 5 unrelated families with biallelic variants reported. All had the same missense variant on one allele (517hets in gnomAD), which they referred to as a hypomorphic allele. 7 of the 8 were microcephalic (they used < -3SD as diagnostic criteria). PMID 27545681: 5 patients from 4 families with biallelic variants reported. Head circumferences were cited as: -3.5SD, -2SD, 4th centile, -2.5SD, -2.4SD. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.273 | DNM1L | Naomi Baker reviewed gene: DNM1L: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: PMID: 17460227, 26992161, 30801875; Phenotypes: Encephalopathy, lethal, due to defective mitochondrial peroxisomal fission 1, MIM#614388; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | CIT |
Ain Roesley gene: CIT was added gene: CIT was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CIT was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CIT were set to 27453578; 27503289; 27453579 Phenotypes for gene: CIT were set to Microcephaly 17, primary, autosomal recessive (MIM#617090) Penetrance for gene: CIT were set to unknown Review for gene: CIT was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 27453578 - 3 consanguineous families with 7 affecteds and head circumferences ranging from -5.6 SD to -8.4 SD PMID: 27503289 - 2 consanguineous families with 2 affecteds and OFCs of -9 and -10 SDs PMID: 27453579 - 3 families (2 consanguineous) with 6 affecteds - only 3 had OFCs records:: birth and last examined ranged from -3.5 to -12 SDs *mix of missense and PTVs Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.273 | CHD4 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: CHD4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31388190; Phenotypes: Sifrim-Hitz-Weiss syndrome (MIM#617159); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | UBE3A | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: UBE3A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Angelman syndrome MIM#105830; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, paternally imprinted (maternal allele expressed); Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | CHAMP1 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: CHAMP1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27148580, 26340335; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 40 (MIM#616579); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | UFC1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: UFC1 was added gene: UFC1 was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UFC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UFC1 were set to 29868776 Phenotypes for gene: UFC1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and poor growth (MIM#618076) Review for gene: UFC1 was set to AMBER gene: UFC1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID 29868776: 8 affected individuals from 4 families reported. 7 were described to be postnatally microcephalic (at or below 3rd percentile). One was -5.1SD and one was -3.6SD. SD values for the others weren't provided. The following head circumference measurements were provided for 6 of the affecteds: 51cm at 16yo; 50cm at 19yo; 42.5cm at 12mo, 45cm at 28mo, 45.2cm at 7yo; 45cm at 4yo. 3 of the families were consanguineous Saudi families with the same homozygous missense variant. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.273 | CENPE | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: CENPE: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24748105, 30086807; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 13, primary, autosomal recessive (MIM#616051); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | CDKL5 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: CDKL5: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 15689447, 19396824, 22678952, 31122804, 30928302; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 2 (MIM#300672); Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | UNC80 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: UNC80: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26708751, 26708753, 26545877, 29572195; Phenotypes: Hypotonia, infantile, with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies 2 MIM#616801; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | CDK13 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: CDK13: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27479907, 29021403, 31238879; Phenotypes: Congenital heart defects, dysmorphic facial features, and intellectual developmental disorder (MIM#617360); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.273 | USP18 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: USP18: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27325888, 31940699; Phenotypes: Pseudo-TORCH syndrome 2 MIM#617397; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.270 | BUB1B | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: BUB1B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 18548531; Phenotypes: Mosaic variegated aneuploidy syndrome 1 (MIM#257300); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.269 | KIF21B |
Zornitza Stark gene: KIF21B was added gene: KIF21B was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF21B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KIF21B were set to 32415109 Phenotypes for gene: KIF21B were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of brain morphology; Microcephaly Mode of pathogenicity for gene: KIF21B was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: KIF21B was set to GREEN Added comment: Asselin et al (2020 - PMID: 32415109) report on 4 individuals with KIF21B pathogenic variants. DD/ID (borderline intellectual functioning to severe ID) was a feature in all. Variable other findings included brain malformations (CCA) and microcephaly. 3 missense variants and a 4-bp insertion were identified, in 3 cases as de novo events while in a single subject the variant was inherited from the father who was also affected. The authors provide evidence for a role of KIF21B in the regulation of processes involved in cortical development and deleterious effect of the missense variants impeding neuronal migration and kinesin autoinhibition. Phenotypes specific to variants (e.g. CCA or microcephaly) were recapitulated in animal models. Missense variants are thought to exert a gain-of-function effect. As commented on, the 4-bp duplication (/frameshift) variant might not be pathogenic. In blood sample from the respective individual, RT-qPCR analysis suggested that haploinsufficiency (NMD) applies. Although Kif21b haploinsufficiency in mice was shown to lead to impaired neuronal positioning, the gene might partially tolerate LoF variants as also suggested by 28 such variants in gnomAD. Homozygous Kif21b ko mice display severe morphological abnormalities, partial loss of commissural fibers, cognitive deficits and altered synaptic transmission (several refs to previous studies provided by the authors). Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.266 | ADARB1 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: ADARB1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32220291, 32719099; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, microcephaly, and seizures, 618862; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.255 | KIF14 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KIF14: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28892560, 29343805; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 20, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 617914; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.249 | KLHL7 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KLHL7: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27392078, 29074562; Phenotypes: PERCHING syndrome, MIM# 617055; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.242 | LAGE3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LAGE3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28805828; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 2, X-linked, MIM# 301006; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.238 | LINGO1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LINGO1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31668702; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 64, MIM# 618103; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.235 | OSGEP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: OSGEP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28805828, 28272532; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 3, MIM# 617729; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.232 | NUP107 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NUP107: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28280135, 28117080, 30179222, 25558065; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 7, MIM# 618348; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.219 | NSD2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NSD2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30345613, 31171569; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, intellectual disability; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.218 | VRK1 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: VRK1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19646678, 24126608, 27281532, 31560180; Phenotypes: Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 1A MIM#607596; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.213 | NCAPH | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NCAPH: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27737959; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 23, primary, autosomal recessive 617985; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.213 | BRD4 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: BRD4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29379197, 30302754; Phenotypes: Cornelia de Lange-like syndrome; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.213 | WDR4 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: WDR4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26416026, 28617965, 30079490, 29597095; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 6 MIM#618347; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.204 | WDR37 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: WDR37: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31327508, 31327510; Phenotypes: Neurooculocardiogenitourinary syndrome MIM#618652; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.199 | NCAPD3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NCAPD3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27737959; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 22, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 617984; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.195 | NACC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NACC1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28132692; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with epilepsy, cataracts, feeding difficulties, and delayed brain myelination , MIM#617393; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.191 | ZNF335 | Paul De Fazio reviewed gene: ZNF335: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23178126, 27540107, 29652087; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 10, primary, autosomal recessive (MIM#615095); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.189 | MRE11 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MRE11: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21227757; Phenotypes: Nijmegen breakage syndrome-like severe microcephaly; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.186 | MED17 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MED17: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20950787, 30345598, 26004231; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, postnatal progressive, with seizures and brain atrophy, MIM# 613668; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.184 | MECP2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MECP2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Rett syndrome, MIM# 312750, Encephalopathy, neonatal severe 300673; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.171 | ATP1A2 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: ATP1A2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30690204, 31608932; Phenotypes: hydrops fetalis, microcephaly, arthrogryposis and extensive cortical malformations; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.171 | ARCN1 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: ARCN1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27476655; Phenotypes: Short stature, rhizomelic, with microcephaly, micrognathia, and developmental delay (MIM#617164); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.171 | AP4S1 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: AP4S1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21620353, 25552650, 27444738; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 52, autosomal recessive (MIM#614067); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.171 | AP4M1 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: AP4M1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28464862, 24700674, 21620353; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 50, autosomal recessive (MIM#612936); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.167 | AKT3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: AKT3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32827175, 31929334, 30853971, 30053339, 25424989; Phenotypes: Microcephaly; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.164 | AP4E1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: AP4E1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20972249, 21620353, 21937992; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 51, autosomal recessive, MIM# 613744; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.161 | AP4B1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: AP4B1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21620353, 22290197, 24700674, 24781758; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 47, autosomal recessive, MIM# 614066; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.158 | ANKLE2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ANKLE2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25259927, 30214071, 31735666; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 16, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 616681; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.153 | PAFAH1B1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PAFAH1B1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 11754098, 18285425; Phenotypes: Lissencephaly 1, MIM# 607432, Subcortical laminar heterotopia, MIM# 607432, MONDO:0011830; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.148 | ARFGEF2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ARFGEF2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25160555, 26126837, 23812912; Phenotypes: Periventricular heterotopia with microcephaly (MIM#608097); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.143 | RAC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RAC1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30042656, 29276006, 30293988; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 48, MIM# 617751; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.140 | ASPM | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ASPM: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29243349, 19028728; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 5, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM#608716; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.136 | HIST1H4C | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HIST1H4C: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28920961; Phenotypes: Growth delay, microcephaly and intellectual disability; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.122 | YIF1B |
Zornitza Stark gene: YIF1B was added gene: YIF1B was added to Microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: YIF1B was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: YIF1B were set to 32006098; 26077767 Phenotypes for gene: YIF1B were set to Central hypotonia; Failure to thrive; Microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Spasticity; Abnormality of movement Review for gene: YIF1B was set to GREEN Added comment: 6 individuals (from 5 families) with biallelic YIF1B truncating variants reported. Presenting features: hypotonia, failure to thrive, microcephaly (5/6), severe global DD and ID as well as features suggestive of a motor disorder (dystonia/spasticity/dyskinesia). Seizures were reported in 2 unrelated individuals (2/6). MRI abnormalities were observed in some with thin CC being a feature in 3. Affected individuals were found to be homozygous for truncating variants (4/5 families being consanguineous). The following 3 variants were identified (NM_001039672.2) : c.186dupT or p.Ala64fs / c.360_361insACAT or p.Gly121fs / c.598G>T or p.Glu200*. Yif1B KO mice demonstrate a disorganized Golgi architecture in pyramidal hippocampal neurons (Alterio et al 2015 - PMID: 26077767). Functional/network analysis of genes co-regulated with YIF1B based on available RNAseq data, suggest enrichement in in genes important for nervous system development and function. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.112 | TSEN34 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TSEN34: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 18711368; Phenotypes: Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2C, MIM# 612390; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.109 | TRAPPC9 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRAPPC9: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22549410, 20004765, 20004763, 30853973; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 13, MIM# 613192; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.95 | MFSD2A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MFSD2A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26005865, 26005868, 24828044; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 15, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 616486; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.92 | BPTF | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BPTF: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28942966; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and distal limb anomalies, MIM# 617755; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.89 | TRIO | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRIO: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26721934, 32109419; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 44, MIM# 617061; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.85 | TAF2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TAF2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21937992, 22633631, 26350204; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 40, MIM# 615599; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.82 | CEP135 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CEP135: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30214071, 22521416; Phenotypes: Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Microcephaly 8, primary, autosomal recessive, 614673; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.78 | SASS6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SASS6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24951542, 30639237; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 14, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 616402; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.75 | TUBGCP6 | Michelle Torres reviewed gene: TUBGCP6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 25344692; Phenotypes: Microcephaly and chorioretinopathy, autosomal recessive, 1; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.65 | DNMT3A | Zornitza Stark Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: Three individuals reported, two with the same de novo missense variant. Postulated to be GOF as opposed to LOF variants in this gene which cause an overgrowth syndrome. Animal model supports pathogenicity. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.65 | DNMT3A | Zornitza Stark Mode of pathogenicity for gene: DNMT3A was changed from None to Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.47 | NUP188 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NUP188: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: https://doi.org/10.1159/000504818, 28726809; Phenotypes: microcephaly, ID, cataract; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.44 | DNA2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DNA2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24389050, 31045292; Phenotypes: Seckel syndrome 8, MIM#615807; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.41 | SVBP |
Zornitza Stark gene: SVBP was added gene: SVBP was added to Microcephaly_VCGS. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SVBP was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SVBP were set to 31363758; 30607023 Phenotypes for gene: SVBP were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, and microcephaly; OMIM #618569 Review for gene: SVBP was set to GREEN Added comment: 5 unrelated families with homozygous mutations in SVBP. The mutations segregated with the disorder in all families. In vitro functional cellular expression studies showed that protein levels of the SVBP mutants were barely detectable, suggesting instability, and that the mutant proteins had lost VASH/SVBP catalytic detyrosination activity toward tubulin. Knockdown of about 50% Svbp expression using shRNA in rat hippocampal neurons impaired the formation of excitatory synapses compared to controls. Sources: Literature |
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| Microcephaly v0.36 | NCAPD2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NCAPD2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31056748, 27737959, 28097321; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 21, primary, autosomal recessive, OMIM #617983; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.29 | SELENOI | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SELENOI were changed from to developmental delay; spasticity; periventricular white mater abnormalities; peripheral neuropathy; seizures; microcephaly; bifid uvula in some affected individuals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.26 | SELENOI | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SELENOI: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28052917; Phenotypes: developmental delay, spasticity, periventricular white mater abnormalities, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, bifid uvula in some affected individuals; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.22 | PHC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PHC1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23418308; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 11, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM#615414; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.19 | TMX2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TMX2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31735293, 31586943; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, ID, brain malformations; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.5 | CEP63 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CEP63: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21983783, 26158450; Phenotypes: Seckel syndrome 6, MIM#614728; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microcephaly v0.1 | CDK6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CDK6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23918663; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 12, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM#616080; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||