Description
Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS; synonymous with speech apraxia/dyspraxia or verbal apraxia/dyspraxia) is a non-progressive neurodevelopmental disorder with a primary presentation of speech planning and programming disorder.

CAS involves difficulty producing sequences of sounds with accuracy and correct prosody, resulting in poor speech intelligibility. Individuals with CAS typically have very delayed development of first spoken words. Other common co-occurring features may include fine and gross motor impairment, language impairment, learning difficulties, intellectual disability, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Other associated features may include hypotonia, seizures, and facial dysmorphism/dysmorphology.
 
PMID: 38366112 summarises three gene discovery cohort studies of individuals with CAS. Diagnostic yield ranged between 26-42%.

The aetiology of CAS is complex. If an underlying monogenic condition is suspected, please also consider the Intellectual Disability, Genetic Epilepsy, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia - paediatric, Dystonia and Ataxia panels among others, depending on the associated clinical features.

We would like to thank Angela Morgan, Michael Hildebrand, Thomas Scerri, David Amor and team for their contribution to the development of this panel.

2 reviewers

  • Thomas Scerri (Murdoch Children's Research Institute)

  • Zornitza Stark (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Australian Genomics)

33 Entities

33 reviewed, 11 green

List Entity Reviews Mode of inheritance Details
33 Entitiess
Green Green List (high evidence)
BRPF1
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and ptosis, MIM# 617333
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
CDK13
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Congenital heart defects, dysmorphic facial features, and intellectual developmental disorder, MIM# 617360
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
CHD3
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Snijders Blok-Campeau syndrome MIM#618205
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
DDX3X
1 review
1 green
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic, Snijders Blok type, MIM# 300958
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
DIP2C
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), DIP2C-related
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
EBF3
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Hypotonia, ataxia, and delayed development syndrome, MIM# 617330
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FOXP2
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Speech-language disorder-1, MIM# 602081
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
KAT6A
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Arboleda-Tham syndrome, MIM# 616268
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SETBP1
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 29, MIM# 616078
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SHANK3
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Phelan-McDermid syndrome, MIM# 606232
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
WDR5
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), WDR5-related
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
ERF
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Craniosynostosis 4, MIM# 600775
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
GNAO1
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 17, MIM# 615473
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with involuntary movements, MIM# 617493
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
MEIS2
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Cleft palate, cardiac defects, and impaired intellectual development, MIM# 600987
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
MKL2
2 reviews
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), MKL2-related
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
RBFOX3
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), RBFOX3-related
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
SETD1A
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with speech impairment and dysmorphic facies, MIM# 619056
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
TNRC6B
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Global developmental delay with speech and behavioral abnormalities, MIM# 619243
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
ZNF142
1 review
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with impaired speech and hyperkinetic movements, MIM# 618425
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
ARHGEF9
1 review
1 red
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 8, MIM# 300607
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
GNB1
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 42, MIM# 616973
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
HNRNPK
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Au-Kline syndrome, MIM# 616580
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
KDM5C
1 review
1 red
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic, Claes-Jensen type, MIM# 300534
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
PHF21A
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder with behavioral abnormalities and craniofacial dysmorphism with or without seizures, MIM# 618725
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
POGZ
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • White-Sutton syndrome, MIM# 616364
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
PURA
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with neonatal respiratory insufficiency, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties, MIM# 616158
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
SETD1B
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder with seizures and language delay, MIM# 619000
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
SPAST
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Spastic paraplegia 4, autosomal dominant, MIM# 182601
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
TAOK2
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), TAOK2-related
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
TRIP12
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 49, MIM# 617752
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
UPF2
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), UPF2-related
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
ZBTB18
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 22, MIM# 612337
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
ZFHX4
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), ZFHX4-related
Tags

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