Description
This panel contains genes that cause complex dystonia, where dystonia and overlapping hyperkinetic movement disorders (e.g. chorea, myoclonus) co-occur with other neurologic or systemic manifestations, including developmental disability. Dystonia is not necessarily the most prominent disease manifestation and may even be an inconsistent feature.

16 reviewers

  • Kristin Rigbye (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services)

  • Andrew Fennell (Monash Genetics)

  • Sebastian Lunke (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services)

  • Tiong Tan (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services)

  • Alison Yeung (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services)

  • Eunice Chan (Royal Children's Hospital)

  • Paul De Fazio (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services)

  • Arina Puzriakova (Genomics England)

  • Laura Raiti (Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne)

  • Natalie Lim (Other)

  • Elena Savva (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services)

  • Lucy Spencer (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services)

  • Dean Phelan (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services)

  • Shekeeb Mohammad (Children's Hospital at Westmead)

  • Bryony Thompson (Royal Melbourne Hospital)

  • Zornitza Stark (Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Australian Genomics)

151 Entities

112 reviewed, 123 green

List Entity Reviews Mode of inheritance Details
151 Entitiess
Green Green List (high evidence)
ACBD6
2 reviews
2 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive movement abnormalities, MIM# 620785
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ACTB
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Baraitser-Winter syndrome 1, 243310
  • Dystonia, juvenile-onset, 607371
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ADAR
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • dystonia
  • Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 6, 615010
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
APTX
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia type 1
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ARSA
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Metachromatic leukodystrophy, MIM#250100
Tags
  • clinical trial
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
ARX
1 review
1 green
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Partington syndrome, MIM# 309510
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ATM
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Ataxia telangiectasia
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ATP13A2
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Parkinson disease
  • Kufor-Rakeb syndrome 606693
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ATP2B2
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorder, MONDO:0700092, ATP2B2-related
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ATP5G3
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia, early-onset, and/or spastic paraplegia, MIM# 619681
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ATP7B
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Wilson disease, MIM# 277900
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
AUH
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 1
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
BCAP31
0 reviews
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Deafness, dystonia and cerebellar hypomyelination, 300475
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
C19orf12
0 reviews
BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration
  • neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation-4
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
CACNA1A
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Episodic ataxia, type 2 MIM#108500
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia 6 MIM#183086
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
CACNA1G
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia 42, early-onset, severe, with neurodevelopmental deficits, MIM# 618087
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
CAMK4
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual disability
  • Autism
  • Behavioral abnormality
  • Abnormality of movement
  • Dystonia
  • Ataxia
  • Chorea
  • Myoclonus
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
CLN3
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal, 3 204200
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
COASY
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration
  • Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 6 615643
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
COQ8A
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Coenzyme Q10 deficiency, primary, 4, MIM# 612016
Tags
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
CP
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
  • Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Phenotypes
  • Aceruloplasminaemia, MIM#604290
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
CYP27A1
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, MIM# 213700
  • Cholestanol storage disease
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
DCAF17
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
DDC
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, 608643
  • Dystonia
Tags
  • clinical trial
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
DLAT
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 deficiency 245348
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
DNAJC12
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
  • Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Phenotypes
  • Hyperphenylalaninemia, mild, non-BH4-deficient, 617384
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ECHS1
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency, MIM# 616277
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
EIF2AK2
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual disability
  • white matter abnormalities
  • ataxia
  • regression with febrile illness
  • early onset dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
EIF4A2
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia and speech delay, with or without seizures, MIM# 620455
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FA2H
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia
  • Spastic paraplegia 35, autosomal recessive 612319
  • fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FBXO28
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 100, MIM# 619777
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FBXO7
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • juvenile parkinsonism
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FITM2
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Siddiqi syndrome MIM#618635
  • dystonia
  • deafness
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FOXG1
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Rett syndrome, congenital variant
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FTDALS
STR
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 MIM#105550
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FTL
0 reviews
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 3 606159
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
FUCA1
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Fucosidosis, MIM#230000
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GALT
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Galactosemia, MIM#230400
Tags
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
GAMT
2 reviews
1 green 1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome 2 MIM#612736
Tags
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
GBA
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Gaucher disease, type III, MIM# 231000
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GCDH
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Glutaric aciduria, type 1
  • Dystonia
Tags
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
GJC2
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 2, MIM# 608804
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GLB1
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Infantile GM1 gangliosidosis
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GM2A
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant, MIM#272750
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GNAO1
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with involuntary movements, 617493
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GNB1
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 42, MIM# 616973
  • Myoclonus dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GRIN1
1 review
1 green
BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with or without hyperkinetic movements and seizures, autosomal dominant, MIM# 614254
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with or without hyperkinetic movements and seizures, autosomal recessive, MIM# 617820
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GRN
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions, MIM#607485
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
GTPBP2
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Jaberi-Elahi syndrome, MIM#617988
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
HIBCH
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • 3-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency, MIM# 250620
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
HPRT1
1 review
1 green
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
HTRA2
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type VIII 617248
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
IMPDH2
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
IRF2BPL
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with regression, abnormal movements, loss of speech, and seizures 618088
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
KIF1A
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia
  • spastic paraplegia
  • intellectual disability
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
L2HGDH
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria MIM#236792
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
MARS2
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Spastic ataxia 3, autosomal recessive MIM#611390
Tags
  • SV/CNV
Green Green List (high evidence)
MECR
2 reviews
2 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia, childhood-onset, with optic atrophy and basal ganglia abnormalities, MIM# 617282
  • MONDO:0015003
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
MED27
2 reviews
2 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual disability
  • cerebellar hypoplasia
  • dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
NKX2-1
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Chorea, hereditary benign MIM#118700
  • Choreoathetosis, hypothyroidism, and neonatal respiratory distress MIM#610978
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
NKX6-2
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Spastic ataxia 8, autosomal recessive, with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 617560
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
NPC1
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Niemann-Pick disease type C1
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
NPC2
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Niemann-Pick disease type C2
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
NR4A2
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder with language impairment and early-onset DOPA-responsive dystonia-parkinsonism, MIM# 619911
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
OPA3
2 reviews
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type III, MIM# 258501
  • developmental delay, hypotonia
  • dystonia and chorea
  • ataxia, optic atrophy
  • spastic paraplegia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PANK2
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PCCA
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Propionicacidemia, MIM# 606054
Tags
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
PCCB
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Propionicacidemia, MIM# 606054
Tags
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
PDGFB
0 reviews
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 5 615483
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PDHA1
1 review
1 green
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha deficiency MIM#312170
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PDHX
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Lacticacidemia due to PDX1 deficiency MIM#245349
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PINK1
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Parkinson disease 6, early onset
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PLA2G6
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Parkinson disease 14, autosomal recessive 612953
  • PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration
  • Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 2B 610217
  • Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy 1 256600
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PNKP
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 4, MIM# 616267
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
POLR3A
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 7, with or without oligodontia and/or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, MIM# 607694
  • Striatal abnormalities
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PRKN
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • juvenile parkinsonism/dystonia
  • Parkinson disease, juvenile, type 2
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PSEN1
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Frontotemporal dementia, MIM# 600274
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
PTS
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Hyperphenylalaninemia, BH4-deficient, A, 261640
  • 6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin Synthase Deficiency
  • Dystonia
Tags
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
QDPR
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Hyperphenylalaninemia, BH4-deficient, C, 261630
  • Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency
  • Dystonia
Tags
  • treatable
Green Green List (high evidence)
RHOBTB2
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Other
Phenotypes
  • Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 64, MIM# 618004
  • Dystonia, hypertonia, movement disorder
  • truncal hypotonia
  • hemiparesis
  • developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
RNASEH2B
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 2 MIM#610181
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
RNASEH2C
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 3 MIM#610329
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
RNU7-1
2 reviews
2 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 9, MIM# 619487
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SERAC1
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • 3-MEthylGlutaconic aciduria, Dystonia-Deafness, Hepatopathy, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome
  • 3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome, 614739
  • Lesions in the basal ganglia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SETX
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive, with axonal neuropathy 2, MIM# 606002
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SHQ1
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia 35, childhood-onset , MIM# 619921
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with dystonia and seizures, MIM# 619922
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SLC16A2
1 review
1 green
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, MIM# 300523
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SLC18A2
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Parkinsonism-dystonia, infantile, 2, MIM# 618049
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SLC19A3
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome 2 (biotin- or thiamine-responsive encephalopathy type 2) 607483
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SLC20A2
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 1 213600
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SLC30A10
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia/Parkinsonism, Hypermanganesemia, Polycythemia, and Chronic Liver Disease
  • Hypermanganesemia with dystonia, polycythemia, and cirrhosis, 613280
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SLC30A9
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Birk-Landau-Perez syndrome (MIM#617595)
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SLC39A14
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Hypermanganesemia with dystonia 2 617013
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SLC6A3
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Dopamine transporter deficiency
  • Parkinsonism-dystonia, infantile, 613135
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SNORD118
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Leukoencephalopathy, brain calcifications, and cysts MIM#614561
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SPATA5L1
2 reviews
2 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with hearing loss and spasticity, MIM# 619616
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SQSTM1
2 reviews
2 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodegeneration with ataxia, dystonia, and gaze palsy, childhood-onset, MIM# 617145
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SUCLA2
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 5 (encephalomyopathic with or without methylmalonic aciduria)
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SUOX
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Sulfite oxidase deficiency MIM#272300
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SURF1
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Leigh syndrome, due to COX IV deficiency, MIM# 256000
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SYNJ1
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • juvenile Parkinsonism
  • Parkinson disease 20, early-onset
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
SYT1
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Baker-Gordon syndrome MIM#618218
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
TIMM8A
1 review
1 green
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Deafness-Dystonia-Optic Neuronopathy Syndrome
  • Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome, MIM# 304700
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
TNPO2
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Intellectual developmental disorder with hypotonia, impaired speech, and dysmorphic facies, MIM# 619556
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
TPK1
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome 5 (episodic encephalopathy type)
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
TREX1
1 review
1 green
BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 1, dominant and recessive MIM#225750
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
TRPM3
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, dysmorphic facies, and skeletal anomalies, with or without seizures, MIM# 620224
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
TSPOAP1
2 reviews
2 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia 22, MIM# 620453
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
UBTF
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Neurodegeneration, childhood-onset, with brain atrophy, MIM# 617672
  • MONDO:0044701
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
VAC14
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Striatonigral degeneration, childhood-onset 617054
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
VAMP2
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia and autistic features with or without hyperkinetic movements 618760
  • Dystonia
  • Cortical visual impairment
  • Seizures
  • Stereotypic behaviour
  • Generalized hypotonia
  • Intellectual disability
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
VPS13A
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • complex parkinsonism
  • Choreoacanthocytosis 200150
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
VPS13D
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 4, MIM# 607317
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
VPS16
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia 30, MIM#619291
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
VPS41
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia-29 (SCAR29), MIM#619389
  • Progressive neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, dystonia, intellectual disability and speech delay
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
VPS4A
2 reviews
2 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • CIMDAG syndrome MIM# 619273
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
WARS2
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Parkinsonism-dystonia 3, childhood-onset, MIM# 619738
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder, mitochondrial, with abnormal movements and lactic acidosis, with or without seizures, MIM# 617710
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
WDR45
0 reviews
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 5 300894
  • beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration
  • Dystonia
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
WDR73
0 reviews
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Galloway-Mowat syndrome 1, 251300
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
XK
1 review
1 green
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • McLeod syndrome with or without chronic granulomatous disease MIM#300842
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
YIF1B
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Kaya-Barakat-Masson syndrome, MIM# 619125
  • Central hypotonia
  • Failure to thrive
  • Microcephaly
  • Global developmental delay
  • Intellectual disability
  • Seizures
  • Spasticity
  • Abnormality of movement
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
YY1
0 reviews
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Gabriele-de Vries syndrome 617557
Tags
Green Green List (high evidence)
ZNF526
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Dentici-Novelli neurodevelopmental syndrome, MIM# 619877
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
AFG3L2
3 reviews
1 green 2 red
BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Spastic ataxia 5, autosomal recessive MIM#614487
  • Early-onset dystonia
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
ALK
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Amber
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Spastic-dystonic diplegia
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
CHD8
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Amber
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Neurodevelopmental disorder, CHD8-related, MIM#615032
  • Dystonia
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
FBXL4
1 review
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 13 (encephalomyopathic type) MIM#615471
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
GSX2
1 review
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Amber
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia syndrome 2 618646
  • Intellectual disability
  • Dystonia
  • Spastic tetra paresis
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
HACE1
1 review
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Spastic paraplegia and psychomotor retardation with or without seizures MIM#616756
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
KIF1C
1 review
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Spastic ataxia 2, autosomal recessive, MIM# 611302
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
MAPT
1 review
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Dementia, frontotemporal, with or without parkinsonism MIM#600274
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
NUP54
1 review
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Amber
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia 37, early-onset, with striatal lesions, MIM# 620427
  • Early onset dystonia
  • progressive neurological deterioration
  • ataxia
  • dysarthria
  • dysphagia
  • hypotonia
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
SAMHD1
1 review
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 5 MIM#612952
Tags
Amber Amber List (moderate evidence)
VAMP1
1 review
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Amber
Phenotypes
  • Spastic ataxia 1, autosomal dominant, MIM# 108600
Tags
  • founder
Red Red List (low evidence)
CHMP2B
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Red
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (ALS17)
  • Frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1
  • Dystonia
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
DCTN1
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Perry syndrome MIM#168605
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
EARS2
1 review
1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12 MIM#614924
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
KCNQ2
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 7 MIM#613720
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
MAT1A
1 review
1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, autosomal recessive MIM#250850
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
MMADHC
1 review
1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Homocystinuria, cblD type, variant 1 MIM#277410
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
MOGS
1 review
1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIb, MIM# 606056
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
MPV17
1 review
1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 6 (hepatocerebral type) MIM#256810
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
PDGFRB
1 review
1 red
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert Review Red
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 4, MIM# 615007
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
PLP1
1 review
1 red
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease MIM#312080
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
RNASEH2A
1 review
1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 4 MIM#610333
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
TOR1AIP1
1 review
1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Red
  • Royal Melbourne Hospital
Phenotypes
  • Dystonia, cerebellar atrophy, and cardiomyopathy
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
UNC80
2 reviews
2 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Hypotonia, infantile, with psychomotor retardation and characteristic facies 2, MIM# 616801
  • MONDO:0014777
Tags
Red Red List (low evidence)
VPS37A
1 review
1 red
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Red
Phenotypes
  • Spastic paraplegia 53, autosomal recessive MIM#614898
Tags
No list No list
C9orf72
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Expert list
  • Expert Review Removed
Phenotypes
  • Frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1, MIM# 105550
Tags
  • STR
No list No list
NAA15
1 review
1 green
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Sources
  • Literature
Phenotypes
  • dystonia
  • neurodevelopmental delay
Tags
No list No list
PAH
1 review
1 green
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review
Phenotypes
  • Phenylketonuria MIM#261600
Tags

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